Rank-reduced token representation for automatic speech recognition

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure generally relates to processing speech or text using rank-reduced token representation. In one example process, speech input is received. A sequence of candidate words corresponding to the speech input is determined. The sequence of candidate words includes a current word and one or more previous words. A vector representation of the current word is determined from a set of trained parameters. A number of parameters in the set of trained parameters varies as a function of one or more linguistic characteristics of the current word. Using the vector representation of the current word, a probability of a next word given the current word and the one or more previous words is determined. A text representation of the speech input is displayed based on the determined probability.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Ser. No. 62/437,925, filed on Dec. 22, 2016, entitled RANK-REDUCED TOKEN REPRESENTATION FOR AUTOMATIC SPEECH RECOGNITION, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to speech or text processing, and more specifically to techniques for processing speech or text using rank-reduced token representation.

BACKGROUND

In neural networks, entities are represented as finite-dimensional vectors in a low-dimensional space (relative to the total number of entities) at both the input and output layers. In the case of neural network language models, which can be used in various speech and text applications (e.g., automatic speech recognition, word prediction, word correction, etc.), these entities are lexical tokens representing words, phrases, or characters. The words, phrases, or characters are represented as vectors (e.g., vector representation) that are learned as part of the internal structure of the neural network language model. Such vector representations of words, phrases, or characters are finite-dimensional and incorporate semantic and syntactic regularities. In conventional neural network language models, these vector representations are parameterized according to their finite-dimension. That is, for a d-dimensional vector representation of a token, the token is parameterized by d free, learnable parameters.

BRIEF SUMMARY

Systems and processes for processing speech or text using rank-reduced token representation are provided. In one example process, speech input is received. A sequence of candidate words corresponding to the speech input is determined. The sequence of candidate words includes a current word and one or more previous words. A vector representation of the current word is determined from a set of trained parameters. The number of parameters in the set of trained parameters varies as a function of one or more linguistic characteristics of the current word. Using the vector representation of the current word, a probability of a next word given the current word and the one or more previous words is determined. A text representation of the speech input is displayed based on the determined probability.

Executable instructions for performing these functions are, optionally, included in a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium or other computer program product configured for execution by one or more processors. Executable instructions for performing these functions are, optionally, included in a transitory computer-readable storage medium or other computer program product configured for execution by one or more processors.

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

For a better understanding of the various described embodiments, reference should be made to the Description of Embodiments below, in conjunction with the following drawings in which like reference numerals refer to corresponding parts throughout the figures.

FIG. 1A is a block diagram illustrating a portable multifunction device with a touch-sensitive display in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 1B is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components for event handling in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 2 illustrates a portable multifunction device having a touch screen in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an exemplary multifunction device with a display and a touch-sensitive surface in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 4A illustrates an exemplary user interface for a menu of applications on a portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 4B illustrates an exemplary user interface for a multifunction device with a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from the display in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 5A illustrates a personal electronic device in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 5B is a block diagram illustrating a personal electronic device in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary schematic block diagram of speech and text processing module 600 in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary neural network language model in accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 8A-8B illustrate exemplary vector representations e_(t) and matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t) for the words “play” and “prolix,” respectively, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram illustrating a process for processing speech or text using rank-reduced token representation in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 10 illustrates a functional block diagram of an electronic device in accordance with some embodiments.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

The following description sets forth exemplary methods, parameters, and the like. It should be recognized, however, that such description is not intended as a limitation on the scope of the present disclosure but is instead provided as a description of exemplary embodiments.

As discussed above, in conventional neural network language models, vector representations of words are typically parameterized by the same number of free, learnable parameters as the dimensionality of the vector representations. That is, for a d-dimensional vector representation of a word, the vector representation is parameterized by d free, learnable parameters. As languages consist of many words (i.e., English is estimated to have over a million words), this parameterization scheme becomes quite expensive in terms of memory and time complexity during parameter estimation (e.g., model training). In addition, the resultant language model becomes very large, rendering it unsuitable for implementation on mobile devices where memory and processing power is limited. A more intelligent scheme for allocating the parameters of a neural network language model among the words of a language is thus desired to achieve a smaller-sized neural network language model without sacrificing accuracy.

Word frequency in natural language follows a power law. That is, while a small set of words occur very frequently (e.g., stop words), the vast majority of words occur rarely in language. Additionally, certain words have multiple senses (i.e., meanings). For example, the word “play” has over fifty different senses. Given the varying frequencies and complexity of words within a language, it would be technically advantageous to assign more parameters to words that are linguistically more complex and fewer parameters to words that are linguistically less complex. For example, words that occur more frequently in a lexicon, have more senses, belong to more word classes, or occur in a greater diversity of word contexts can be assigned more parameters in order to derive a more precise and rigorous vector representation that better models the complexities associated with the word. In the present disclosure, such an intelligent non-uniform distribution of parameters among the words of a lexicon is referred to as rank-reduced token representation. Allocating parameters in this manner enables the size of the neural network language model to be reduced while maintaining a level of accuracy that is comparable to significantly larger language models. Specifically, by intelligently varying the number of parameters allocated to different words in a lexicon, the total number of parameters in the neural network language model is decreased, which reduces the overall size of the neural network language model. At the same time, because parameters are allocated to the most linguistically rich and complex words, the overall accuracy of the neural network language model is still comparable to larger neural network language models having a much greater number of parameters that allocated uniformity among the words of a lexicon. Rank-reduced token representation thus enables a smaller neural network language model to be generated without having to trade off accuracy. Neural network language models implementing rank-reduced token representation are thus suitable for use on mobile devices.

The present disclosure describes various embodiments of neural network language models that implement rank-reduced token representations. In some examples, the neural network language model can be implemented for automatic speech recognition. In one such example process, speech input is received. A sequence of candidate words corresponding to the speech input is determined. The sequence of candidate words includes a current word and one or more previous words. A vector representation of the current word is determined from a set of trained parameters. The number of parameters in the set of trained parameters varies as a function of one or more linguistic characteristics of the current word. Using the vector representation of the current word, a probability of a next word given the current word and the one or more previous words is determined. A text representation of the speech input is displayed based on the determined probability.

Although the following description uses terms “first,” “second,” etc. to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by the terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first speech input could be termed a second speech input, and, similarly, a second speech input could be termed a first speech input, without departing from the scope of the various described embodiments. The first speech input and the second speech input are both speech inputs, but they are not the same speech input.

The terminology used in the description of the various described embodiments herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used in the description of the various described embodiments and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will also be understood that the term “and/or” as used herein refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. It will be further understood that the terms “includes,” “including,” “comprises,” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

The term “if” is, optionally, construed to mean “when” or “upon” or “in response to determining” or “in response to detecting,” depending on the context. Similarly, the phrase “if it is determined” or “if [a stated condition or event] is detected” is, optionally, construed to mean “upon determining” or “in response to determining” or “upon detecting [the stated condition or event]” or “in response to detecting [the stated condition or event],” depending on the context.

Embodiments of electronic devices, user interfaces for such devices, and associated processes for using such devices are described. In some embodiments, the device is a portable communications device, such as a mobile telephone, that also contains other functions, such as PDA and/or music player functions. Exemplary embodiments of portable multifunction devices include, without limitation, the iPhone®, iPod Touch®, and iPad® devices from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. Other portable electronic devices, such as laptops or tablet computers with touch-sensitive surfaces (e.g., touch screen displays and/or touchpads), are, optionally, used. It should also be understood that, in some embodiments, the device is not a portable communications device, but is a desktop computer with a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., a touch screen display and/or a touchpad).

In the discussion that follows, an electronic device that includes a display and a touch-sensitive surface is described. It should be understood, however, that the electronic device optionally includes one or more other physical user-interface devices, such as a physical keyboard, a mouse, and/or a joystick.

The device typically supports a variety of applications, such as one or more of the following: a drawing application, a presentation application, a word processing application, a website creation application, a disk authoring application, a spreadsheet application, a gaming application, a telephone application, a video conferencing application, an e-mail application, an instant messaging application, a workout support application, a photo management application, a digital camera application, a digital video camera application, a web browsing application, a digital music player application, and/or a digital video player application.

The various applications that are executed on the device optionally use at least one common physical user-interface device, such as the touch-sensitive surface. One or more functions of the touch-sensitive surface as well as corresponding information displayed on the device are, optionally, adjusted and/or varied from one application to the next and/or within a respective application. In this way, a common physical architecture (such as the touch-sensitive surface) of the device optionally supports the variety of applications with user interfaces that are intuitive and transparent to the user.

Attention is now directed toward embodiments of portable devices with touch-sensitive displays. FIG. 1A is a block diagram illustrating portable multifunction device 100 with touch-sensitive display system 112 in accordance with some embodiments. Touch-sensitive display 112 is sometimes called a “touch screen” for convenience and is sometimes known as or called a “touch-sensitive display system.” Device 100 includes memory 102 (which optionally includes one or more computer-readable storage mediums), memory controller 122, one or more processing units (CPUs) 120, peripherals interface 118, RF circuitry 108, audio circuitry 110, speaker 111, microphone 113, input/output (I/O) subsystem 106, other input control devices 116, and external port 124. Device 100 optionally includes one or more optical sensors 164. Device 100 optionally includes one or more contact intensity sensors 165 for detecting intensity of contacts on device 100 (e.g., a touch-sensitive surface such as touch-sensitive display system 112 of device 100). Device 100 optionally includes one or more tactile output generators 167 for generating tactile outputs on device 100 (e.g., generating tactile outputs on a touch-sensitive surface such as touch-sensitive display system 112 of device 100 or touchpad 355 of device 300). These components optionally communicate over one or more communication buses or signal lines 103.

As used in the specification and claims, the term “intensity” of a contact on a touch-sensitive surface refers to the force or pressure (force per unit area) of a contact (e.g., a finger contact) on the touch-sensitive surface, or to a substitute (proxy) for the force or pressure of a contact on the touch-sensitive surface. The intensity of a contact has a range of values that includes at least four distinct values and more typically includes hundreds of distinct values (e.g., at least 256). Intensity of a contact is, optionally, determined (or measured) using various approaches and various sensors or combinations of sensors. For example, one or more force sensors underneath or adjacent to the touch-sensitive surface are, optionally, used to measure force at various points on the touch-sensitive surface. In some implementations, force measurements from multiple force sensors are combined (e.g., a weighted average) to determine an estimated force of a contact. Similarly, a pressure-sensitive tip of a stylus is, optionally, used to determine a pressure of the stylus on the touch-sensitive surface. Alternatively, the size of the contact area detected on the touch-sensitive surface and/or changes thereto, the capacitance of the touch-sensitive surface proximate to the contact and/or changes thereto, and/or the resistance of the touch-sensitive surface proximate to the contact and/or changes thereto are, optionally, used as a substitute for the force or pressure of the contact on the touch-sensitive surface. In some implementations, the substitute measurements for contact force or pressure are used directly to determine whether an intensity threshold has been exceeded (e.g., the intensity threshold is described in units corresponding to the substitute measurements). In some implementations, the substitute measurements for contact force or pressure are converted to an estimated force or pressure, and the estimated force or pressure is used to determine whether an intensity threshold has been exceeded (e.g., the intensity threshold is a pressure threshold measured in units of pressure). Using the intensity of a contact as an attribute of a user input allows for user access to additional device functionality that may otherwise not be accessible by the user on a reduced-size device with limited real estate for displaying affordances (e.g., on a touch-sensitive display) and/or receiving user input (e.g., via a touch-sensitive display, a touch-sensitive surface, or a physical/mechanical control such as a knob or a button).

As used in the specification and claims, the term “tactile output” refers to physical displacement of a device relative to a previous position of the device, physical displacement of a component (e.g., a touch-sensitive surface) of a device relative to another component (e.g., housing) of the device, or displacement of the component relative to a center of mass of the device that will be detected by a user with the user's sense of touch. For example, in situations where the device or the component of the device is in contact with a surface of a user that is sensitive to touch (e.g., a finger, palm, or other part of a user's hand), the tactile output generated by the physical displacement will be interpreted by the user as a tactile sensation corresponding to a perceived change in physical characteristics of the device or the component of the device. For example, movement of a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., a touch-sensitive display or trackpad) is, optionally, interpreted by the user as a “down click” or “up click” of a physical actuator button. In some cases, a user will feel a tactile sensation such as an “down click” or “up click” even when there is no movement of a physical actuator button associated with the touch-sensitive surface that is physically pressed (e.g., displaced) by the user's movements. As another example, movement of the touch-sensitive surface is, optionally, interpreted or sensed by the user as “roughness” of the touch-sensitive surface, even when there is no change in smoothness of the touch-sensitive surface. While such interpretations of touch by a user will be subject to the individualized sensory perceptions of the user, there are many sensory perceptions of touch that are common to a large majority of users. Thus, when a tactile output is described as corresponding to a particular sensory perception of a user (e.g., an “up click,” a “down click,” “roughness”), unless otherwise stated, the generated tactile output corresponds to physical displacement of the device or a component thereof that will generate the described sensory perception for a typical (or average) user.

It should be appreciated that device 100 is only one example of a portable multifunction device, and that device 100 optionally has more or fewer components than shown, optionally combines two or more components, or optionally has a different configuration or arrangement of the components. The various components shown in FIG. 1A are implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of both hardware and software, including one or more signal processing and/or application-specific integrated circuits.

Memory 102 optionally includes high-speed random access memory and optionally also includes non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid-state memory devices. Memory controller 122 optionally controls access to memory 102 by other components of device 100.

Peripherals interface 118 can be used to couple input and output peripherals of the device to CPU 120 and memory 102. The one or more processors 120 run or execute various software programs and/or sets of instructions stored in memory 102 to perform various functions for device 100 and to process data. In some embodiments, peripherals interface 118, CPU 120, and memory controller 122 are, optionally, implemented on a single chip, such as chip 104. In some other embodiments, they are, optionally, implemented on separate chips.

RF (radio frequency) circuitry 108 receives and sends RF signals, also called electromagnetic signals. RF circuitry 108 converts electrical signals to/from electromagnetic signals and communicates with communications networks and other communications devices via the electromagnetic signals. RF circuitry 108 optionally includes well-known circuitry for performing these functions, including but not limited to an antenna system, an RF transceiver, one or more amplifiers, a tuner, one or more oscillators, a digital signal processor, a CODEC chipset, a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory, and so forth. RF circuitry 108 optionally communicates with networks, such as the Internet, also referred to as the World Wide Web (WWW), an intranet and/or a wireless network, such as a cellular telephone network, a wireless local area network (LAN) and/or a metropolitan area network (MAN), and other devices by wireless communication. The RF circuitry 108 optionally includes well-known circuitry for detecting near field communication (NFC) fields, such as by a short-range communication radio. The wireless communication optionally uses any of a plurality of communications standards, protocols, and technologies, including but not limited to Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA), high-speed uplink packet access (HSUPA), Evolution, Data-Only (EV-DO), HSPA, HSPA+, Dual-Cell HSPA (DC-HSPDA), long term evolution (LTE), near field communication (NFC), wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy (BTLE), Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) (e.g., IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g, IEEE 802.11n, and/or IEEE 802.11ac), voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Wi-MAX, a protocol for e-mail (e.g., Internet message access protocol (IMAP) and/or post office protocol (POP)), instant messaging (e.g., extensible messaging and presence protocol (XMPP), Session Initiation Protocol for Instant Messaging and Presence Leveraging Extensions (SIMPLE), Instant Messaging and Presence Service (IMPS)), and/or Short Message Service (SMS), or any other suitable communication protocol, including communication protocols not yet developed as of the filing date of this document.

Audio circuitry 110, speaker 111, and microphone 113 provide an audio interface between a user and device 100. Audio circuitry 110 receives audio data from peripherals interface 118, converts the audio data to an electrical signal, and transmits the electrical signal to speaker 111. Speaker 111 converts the electrical signal to human-audible sound waves. Audio circuitry 110 also receives electrical signals converted by microphone 113 from sound waves. Audio circuitry 110 converts the electrical signal to audio data and transmits the audio data to peripherals interface 118 for processing. Audio data is, optionally, retrieved from and/or transmitted to memory 102 and/or RF circuitry 108 by peripherals interface 118. In some embodiments, audio circuitry 110 also includes a headset jack (e.g., 212, FIG. 2). The headset jack provides an interface between audio circuitry 110 and removable audio input/output peripherals, such as output-only headphones or a headset with both output (e.g., a headphone for one or both ears) and input (e.g., a microphone).

I/O subsystem 106 couples input/output peripherals on device 100, such as touch screen 112 and other input control devices 116, to peripherals interface 118. I/O subsystem 106 optionally includes display controller 156, optical sensor controller 158, intensity sensor controller 159, haptic feedback controller 161, and one or more input controllers 160 for other input or control devices. The one or more input controllers 160 receive/send electrical signals from/to other input control devices 116. The other input control devices 116 optionally include physical buttons (e.g., push buttons, rocker buttons, etc.), dials, slider switches, joysticks, click wheels, and so forth. In some alternate embodiments, input controller(s) 160 are, optionally, coupled to any (or none) of the following: a keyboard, an infrared port, a USB port, and a pointer device such as a mouse. The one or more buttons (e.g., 208, FIG. 2) optionally include an up/down button for volume control of speaker 111 and/or microphone 113. The one or more buttons optionally include a push button (e.g., 206, FIG. 2).

A quick press of the push button optionally disengages a lock of touch screen 112 or optionally begins a process that uses gestures on the touch screen to unlock the device, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/322,549, “Unlocking a Device by Performing Gestures on an Unlock Image,” filed Dec. 23, 2005, U.S. Pat. No. 7,657,849, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. A longer press of the push button (e.g., 206) optionally turns power to device 100 on or off. The functionality of one or more of the buttons are, optionally, user-customizable. Touch screen 112 is used to implement virtual or soft buttons and one or more soft keyboards.

Touch-sensitive display 112 provides an input interface and an output interface between the device and a user. Display controller 156 receives and/or sends electrical signals from/to touch screen 112. Touch screen 112 displays visual output to the user. The visual output optionally includes graphics, text, icons, video, and any combination thereof (collectively termed “graphics”). In some embodiments, some or all of the visual output optionally corresponds to user-interface objects.

Touch screen 112 has a touch-sensitive surface, sensor, or set of sensors that accepts input from the user based on haptic and/or tactile contact. Touch screen 112 and display controller 156 (along with any associated modules and/or sets of instructions in memory 102) detect contact (and any movement or breaking of the contact) on touch screen 112 and convert the detected contact into interaction with user-interface objects (e.g., one or more soft keys, icons, web pages, or images) that are displayed on touch screen 112. In an exemplary embodiment, a point of contact between touch screen 112 and the user corresponds to a finger of the user.

Touch screen 112 optionally uses LCD (liquid crystal display) technology, LPD (light emitting polymer display) technology, or LED (light emitting diode) technology, although other display technologies are used in other embodiments. Touch screen 112 and display controller 156 optionally detect contact and any movement or breaking thereof using any of a plurality of touch sensing technologies now known or later developed, including but not limited to capacitive, resistive, infrared, and surface acoustic wave technologies, as well as other proximity sensor arrays or other elements for determining one or more points of contact with touch screen 112. In an exemplary embodiment, projected mutual capacitance sensing technology is used, such as that found in the iPhone® and iPod Touch® from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.

A touch-sensitive display in some embodiments of touch screen 112 is, optionally, analogous to the multi-touch sensitive touchpads described in the following U.S. Pat. No. 6,323,846 (Westerman et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 6,570,557 (Westerman et al.), and/or U.S. Pat. No. 6,677,932 (Westerman), and/or U.S. Patent Publication 2002/0015024A1, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. However, touch screen 112 displays visual output from device 100, whereas touch-sensitive touchpads do not provide visual output.

A touch-sensitive display in some embodiments of touch screen 112 is described in the following applications: (1) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/381,313, “Multipoint Touch Surface Controller,” filed May 2, 2006; (2) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/840,862, “Multipoint Touchscreen,” filed May 6, 2004; (3) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/903,964, “Gestures For Touch Sensitive Input Devices,” filed Jul. 30, 2004; (4) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/048,264, “Gestures For Touch Sensitive Input Devices,” filed Jan. 31, 2005; (5) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/038,590, “Mode-Based Graphical User Interfaces For Touch Sensitive Input Devices,” filed Jan. 18, 2005; (6) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/228,758, “Virtual Input Device Placement On A Touch Screen User Interface,” filed Sep. 16, 2005; (7) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/228,700, “Operation Of A Computer With A Touch Screen Interface,” filed Sep. 16, 2005; (8) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/228,737, “Activating Virtual Keys Of A Touch-Screen Virtual Keyboard,” filed Sep. 16, 2005; and (9) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/367,749, “Multi-Functional Hand-Held Device,” filed Mar. 3, 2006. All of these applications are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

Touch screen 112 optionally has a video resolution in excess of 100 dpi. In some embodiments, the touch screen has a video resolution of approximately 160 dpi. The user optionally makes contact with touch screen 112 using any suitable object or appendage, such as a stylus, a finger, and so forth. In some embodiments, the user interface is designed to work primarily with finger-based contacts and gestures, which can be less precise than stylus-based input due to the larger area of contact of a finger on the touch screen. In some embodiments, the device translates the rough finger-based input into a precise pointer/cursor position or command for performing the actions desired by the user.

In some embodiments, in addition to the touch screen, device 100 optionally includes a touchpad (not shown) for activating or deactivating particular functions. In some embodiments, the touchpad is a touch-sensitive area of the device that, unlike the touch screen, does not display visual output. The touchpad is, optionally, a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from touch screen 112 or an extension of the touch-sensitive surface formed by the touch screen.

Device 100 also includes power system 162 for powering the various components. Power system 162 optionally includes a power management system, one or more power sources (e.g., battery, alternating current (AC)), a recharging system, a power failure detection circuit, a power converter or inverter, a power status indicator (e.g., a light-emitting diode (LED)) and any other components associated with the generation, management and distribution of power in portable devices.

Device 100 optionally also includes one or more optical sensors 164. FIG. 1A shows an optical sensor coupled to optical sensor controller 158 in I/O subsystem 106. Optical sensor 164 optionally includes charge-coupled device (CCD) or complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) phototransistors. Optical sensor 164 receives light from the environment, projected through one or more lenses, and converts the light to data representing an image. In conjunction with imaging module 143 (also called a camera module), optical sensor 164 optionally captures still images or video. In some embodiments, an optical sensor is located on the back of device 100, opposite touch screen display 112 on the front of the device so that the touch screen display is enabled for use as a viewfinder for still and/or video image acquisition. In some embodiments, an optical sensor is located on the front of the device so that the user's image is, optionally, obtained for video conferencing while the user views the other video conference participants on the touch screen display. In some embodiments, the position of optical sensor 164 can be changed by the user (e.g., by rotating the lens and the sensor in the device housing) so that a single optical sensor 164 is used along with the touch screen display for both video conferencing and still and/or video image acquisition.

Device 100 optionally also includes one or more contact intensity sensors 165. FIG. 1A shows a contact intensity sensor coupled to intensity sensor controller 159 in I/O subsystem 106. Contact intensity sensor 165 optionally includes one or more piezoresistive strain gauges, capacitive force sensors, electric force sensors, piezoelectric force sensors, optical force sensors, capacitive touch-sensitive surfaces, or other intensity sensors (e.g., sensors used to measure the force (or pressure) of a contact on a touch-sensitive surface). Contact intensity sensor 165 receives contact intensity information (e.g., pressure information or a proxy for pressure information) from the environment. In some embodiments, at least one contact intensity sensor is collocated with, or proximate to, a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive display system 112). In some embodiments, at least one contact intensity sensor is located on the back of device 100, opposite touch screen display 112, which is located on the front of device 100.

Device 100 optionally also includes one or more proximity sensors 166. FIG. 1A shows proximity sensor 166 coupled to peripherals interface 118. Alternately, proximity sensor 166 is, optionally, coupled to input controller 160 in I/O subsystem 106. Proximity sensor 166 optionally performs as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/241,839, “Proximity Detector In Handheld Device”; Ser. No. 11/240,788, “Proximity Detector In Handheld Device”; Ser. No. 11/620,702, “Using Ambient Light Sensor To Augment Proximity Sensor Output”; Ser. No. 11/586,862, “Automated Response To And Sensing Of User Activity In Portable Devices”; and Ser. No. 11/638,251, “Methods And Systems For Automatic Configuration Of Peripherals,” which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. In some embodiments, the proximity sensor turns off and disables touch screen 112 when the multifunction device is placed near the user's ear (e.g., when the user is making a phone call).

Device 100 optionally also includes one or more tactile output generators 167. FIG. 1A shows a tactile output generator coupled to haptic feedback controller 161 in I/O subsystem 106. Tactile output generator 167 optionally includes one or more electroacoustic devices such as speakers or other audio components and/or electromechanical devices that convert energy into linear motion such as a motor, solenoid, electroactive polymer, piezoelectric actuator, electrostatic actuator, or other tactile output generating component (e.g., a component that converts electrical signals into tactile outputs on the device). Contact intensity sensor 165 receives tactile feedback generation instructions from haptic feedback module 133 and generates tactile outputs on device 100 that are capable of being sensed by a user of device 100. In some embodiments, at least one tactile output generator is collocated with, or proximate to, a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive display system 112) and, optionally, generates a tactile output by moving the touch-sensitive surface vertically (e.g., in/out of a surface of device 100) or laterally (e.g., back and forth in the same plane as a surface of device 100). In some embodiments, at least one tactile output generator sensor is located on the back of device 100, opposite touch screen display 112, which is located on the front of device 100.

Device 100 optionally also includes one or more accelerometers 168. FIG. 1A shows accelerometer 168 coupled to peripherals interface 118. Alternately, accelerometer 168 is, optionally, coupled to an input controller 160 in I/O subsystem 106. Accelerometer 168 optionally performs as described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050190059, “Acceleration-based Theft Detection System for Portable Electronic Devices,” and U.S. Patent Publication No. 20060017692, “Methods And Apparatuses For Operating A Portable Device Based On An Accelerometer,” both of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. In some embodiments, information is displayed on the touch screen display in a portrait view or a landscape view based on an analysis of data received from the one or more accelerometers. Device 100 optionally includes, in addition to accelerometer(s) 168, a magnetometer (not shown) and a GPS (or GLONASS or other global navigation system) receiver (not shown) for obtaining information concerning the location and orientation (e.g., portrait or landscape) of device 100.

In some embodiments, the software components stored in memory 102 include operating system 126, communication module (or set of instructions) 128, contact/motion module (or set of instructions) 130, graphics module (or set of instructions) 132, text input module (or set of instructions) 134, Global Positioning System (GPS) module (or set of instructions) 135, and applications (or sets of instructions) 136. Furthermore, in some embodiments, memory 102 (FIG. 1A) or 370 (FIG. 3) stores device/global internal state 157, as shown in FIGS. 1A and 3. Device/global internal state 157 includes one or more of: active application state, indicating which applications, if any, are currently active; display state, indicating what applications, views or other information occupy various regions of touch screen display 112; sensor state, including information obtained from the device's various sensors and input control devices 116; and location information concerning the device's location and/or attitude.

Operating system 126 (e.g., Darwin, RTXC, LINUX, UNIX, OS X, iOS, WINDOWS, or an embedded operating system such as VxWorks) includes various software components and/or drivers for controlling and managing general system tasks (e.g., memory management, storage device control, power management, etc.) and facilitates communication between various hardware and software components.

Communication module 128 facilitates communication with other devices over one or more external ports 124 and also includes various software components for handling data received by RF circuitry 108 and/or external port 124. External port 124 (e.g., Universal Serial Bus (USB), FIREWIRE, etc.) is adapted for coupling directly to other devices or indirectly over a network (e.g., the Internet, wireless LAN, etc.). In some embodiments, the external port is a multi-pin (e.g., 30-pin) connector that is the same as, or similar to and/or compatible with, the 30-pin connector used on iPod® (trademark of Apple Inc.) devices.

Contact/motion module 130 optionally detects contact with touch screen 112 (in conjunction with display controller 156) and other touch-sensitive devices (e.g., a touchpad or physical click wheel). Contact/motion module 130 includes various software components for performing various operations related to detection of contact, such as determining if contact has occurred (e.g., detecting a finger-down event), determining an intensity of the contact (e.g., the force or pressure of the contact or a substitute for the force or pressure of the contact), determining if there is movement of the contact and tracking the movement across the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., detecting one or more finger-dragging events), and determining if the contact has ceased (e.g., detecting a finger-up event or a break in contact). Contact/motion module 130 receives contact data from the touch-sensitive surface. Determining movement of the point of contact, which is represented by a series of contact data, optionally includes determining speed (magnitude), velocity (magnitude and direction), and/or an acceleration (a change in magnitude and/or direction) of the point of contact. These operations are, optionally, applied to single contacts (e.g., one finger contacts) or to multiple simultaneous contacts (e.g., “multitouch”/multiple finger contacts). In some embodiments, contact/motion module 130 and display controller 156 detect contact on a touchpad.

In some embodiments, contact/motion module 130 uses a set of one or more intensity thresholds to determine whether an operation has been performed by a user (e.g., to determine whether a user has “clicked” on an icon). In some embodiments, at least a subset of the intensity thresholds are determined in accordance with software parameters (e.g., the intensity thresholds are not determined by the activation thresholds of particular physical actuators and can be adjusted without changing the physical hardware of device 100). For example, a mouse “click” threshold of a trackpad or touch screen display can be set to any of a large range of predefined threshold values without changing the trackpad or touch screen display hardware. Additionally, in some implementations, a user of the device is provided with software settings for adjusting one or more of the set of intensity thresholds (e.g., by adjusting individual intensity thresholds and/or by adjusting a plurality of intensity thresholds at once with a system-level click “intensity” parameter).

Contact/motion module 130 optionally detects a gesture input by a user. Different gestures on the touch-sensitive surface have different contact patterns (e.g., different motions, timings, and/or intensities of detected contacts). Thus, a gesture is, optionally, detected by detecting a particular contact pattern. For example, detecting a finger tap gesture includes detecting a finger-down event followed by detecting a finger-up (liftoff) event at the same position (or substantially the same position) as the finger-down event (e.g., at the position of an icon). As another example, detecting a finger swipe gesture on the touch-sensitive surface includes detecting a finger-down event followed by detecting one or more finger-dragging events, and subsequently followed by detecting a finger-up (liftoff) event.

Graphics module 132 includes various known software components for rendering and displaying graphics on touch screen 112 or other display, including components for changing the visual impact (e.g., brightness, transparency, saturation, contrast, or other visual property) of graphics that are displayed. As used herein, the term “graphics” includes any object that can be displayed to a user, including, without limitation, text, web pages, icons (such as user-interface objects including soft keys), digital images, videos, animations, and the like.

In some embodiments, graphics module 132 stores data representing graphics to be used. Each graphic is, optionally, assigned a corresponding code. Graphics module 132 receives, from applications etc., one or more codes specifying graphics to be displayed along with, if necessary, coordinate data and other graphic property data, and then generates screen image data to output to display controller 156.

Haptic feedback module 133 includes various software components for generating instructions used by tactile output generator(s) 167 to produce tactile outputs at one or more locations on device 100 in response to user interactions with device 100.

Text input module 134, which is, optionally, a component of graphics module 132, provides soft keyboards for entering text in various applications (e.g., contacts 137, e-mail 140, IM 141, browser 147, and any other application that needs text input).

GPS module 135 determines the location of the device and provides this information for use in various applications (e.g., to telephone 138 for use in location-based dialing; to camera 143 as picture/video metadata; and to applications that provide location-based services such as weather widgets, local yellow page widgets, and map/navigation widgets).

Applications 136 optionally include the following modules (or sets of instructions), or a subset or superset thereof:

-   -   Contacts module 137 (sometimes called an address book or contact         list);     -   Telephone module 138;     -   Video conference module 139;     -   E-mail client module 140;     -   Instant messaging (IM) module 141;     -   Workout support module 142;     -   Camera module 143 for still and/or video images;     -   Image management module 144;     -   Video player module;     -   Music player module;     -   Browser module 147;     -   Calendar module 148;     -   Widget modules 149, which optionally include one or more of:         weather widget 149-1, stocks widget 149-2, calculator widget         149-3, alarm clock widget 149-4, dictionary widget 149-5, and         other widgets obtained by the user, as well as user-created         widgets 149-6;     -   Widget creator module 150 for making user-created widgets 149-6;     -   Search module 151;     -   Video and music player module 152, which merges video player         module and music player module;     -   Notes module 153;     -   Map module 154; and/or     -   Online video module 155.

Examples of other applications 136 that are, optionally, stored in memory 102 include other word processing applications, other image editing applications, drawing applications, presentation applications, JAVA-enabled applications, encryption, digital rights management, voice recognition, and voice replication.

In conjunction with touch screen 112, display controller 156, contact/motion module 130, graphics module 132, and text input module 134, contacts module 137 are, optionally, used to manage an address book or contact list (e.g., stored in application internal state 192 of contacts module 137 in memory 102 or memory 370), including: adding name(s) to the address book; deleting name(s) from the address book; associating telephone number(s), e-mail address(es), physical address(es) or other information with a name; associating an image with a name; categorizing and sorting names; providing telephone numbers or e-mail addresses to initiate and/or facilitate communications by telephone 138, video conference module 139, e-mail 140, or IM 141; and so forth.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, audio circuitry 110, speaker 111, microphone 113, touch screen 112, display controller 156, contact/motion module 130, graphics module 132, and text input module 134, telephone module 138 are optionally, used to enter a sequence of characters corresponding to a telephone number, access one or more telephone numbers in contacts module 137, modify a telephone number that has been entered, dial a respective telephone number, conduct a conversation, and disconnect or hang up when the conversation is completed. As noted above, the wireless communication optionally uses any of a plurality of communications standards, protocols, and technologies.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, audio circuitry 110, speaker 111, microphone 113, touch screen 112, display controller 156, optical sensor 164, optical sensor controller 158, contact/motion module 130, graphics module 132, text input module 134, contacts module 137, and telephone module 138, video conference module 139 includes executable instructions to initiate, conduct, and terminate a video conference between a user and one or more other participants in accordance with user instructions.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch screen 112, display controller 156, contact/motion module 130, graphics module 132, and text input module 134, e-mail client module 140 includes executable instructions to create, send, receive, and manage e-mail in response to user instructions. In conjunction with image management module 144, e-mail client module 140 makes it very easy to create and send e-mails with still or video images taken with camera module 143.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch screen 112, display controller 156, contact/motion module 130, graphics module 132, and text input module 134, the instant messaging module 141 includes executable instructions to enter a sequence of characters corresponding to an instant message, to modify previously entered characters, to transmit a respective instant message (for example, using a Short Message Service (SMS) or Multimedia Message Service (MMS) protocol for telephony-based instant messages or using XMPP, SIMPLE, or IMPS for Internet-based instant messages), to receive instant messages, and to view received instant messages. In some embodiments, transmitted and/or received instant messages optionally include graphics, photos, audio files, video files and/or other attachments as are supported in an MMS and/or an Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS). As used herein, “instant messaging” refers to both telephony-based messages (e.g., messages sent using SMS or MMS) and Internet-based messages (e.g., messages sent using XMPP, SIMPLE, or IMPS).

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch screen 112, display controller 156, contact/motion module 130, graphics module 132, text input module 134, GPS module 135, map module 154, and music player module, workout support module 142 includes executable instructions to create workouts (e.g., with time, distance, and/or calorie burning goals); communicate with workout sensors (sports devices); receive workout sensor data; calibrate sensors used to monitor a workout; select and play music for a workout; and display, store, and transmit workout data.

In conjunction with touch screen 112, display controller 156, optical sensor(s) 164, optical sensor controller 158, contact/motion module 130, graphics module 132, and image management module 144, camera module 143 includes executable instructions to capture still images or video (including a video stream) and store them into memory 102, modify characteristics of a still image or video, or delete a still image or video from memory 102.

In conjunction with touch screen 112, display controller 156, contact/motion module 130, graphics module 132, text input module 134, and camera module 143, image management module 144 includes executable instructions to arrange, modify (e.g., edit), or otherwise manipulate, label, delete, present (e.g., in a digital slide show or album), and store still and/or video images.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch screen 112, display controller 156, contact/motion module 130, graphics module 132, and text input module 134, browser module 147 includes executable instructions to browse the Internet in accordance with user instructions, including searching, linking to, receiving, and displaying web pages or portions thereof, as well as attachments and other files linked to web pages.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch screen 112, display controller 156, contact/motion module 130, graphics module 132, text input module 134, e-mail client module 140, and browser module 147, calendar module 148 includes executable instructions to create, display, modify, and store calendars and data associated with calendars (e.g., calendar entries, to-do lists, etc.) in accordance with user instructions.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch screen 112, display controller 156, contact/motion module 130, graphics module 132, text input module 134, and browser module 147, widget modules 149 are mini-applications that are, optionally, downloaded and used by a user (e.g., weather widget 149-1, stocks widget 149-2, calculator widget 149-3, alarm clock widget 149-4, and dictionary widget 149-5) or created by the user (e.g., user-created widget 149-6). In some embodiments, a widget includes an HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) file, a CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) file, and a JavaScript file. In some embodiments, a widget includes an XML (Extensible Markup Language) file and a JavaScript file (e.g., Yahoo! Widgets).

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch screen 112, display controller 156, contact/motion module 130, graphics module 132, text input module 134, and browser module 147, the widget creator module 150 are, optionally, used by a user to create widgets (e.g., turning a user-specified portion of a web page into a widget).

In conjunction with touch screen 112, display controller 156, contact/motion module 130, graphics module 132, and text input module 134, search module 151 includes executable instructions to search for text, music, sound, image, video, and/or other files in memory 102 that match one or more search criteria (e.g., one or more user-specified search terms) in accordance with user instructions.

In conjunction with touch screen 112, display controller 156, contact/motion module 130, graphics module 132, audio circuitry 110, speaker 111, RF circuitry 108, and browser module 147, video and music player module 152 includes executable instructions that allow the user to download and play back recorded music and other sound files stored in one or more file formats, such as MP3 or AAC files, and executable instructions to display, present, or otherwise play back videos (e.g., on touch screen 112 or on an external, connected display via external port 124). In some embodiments, device 100 optionally includes the functionality of an MP3 player, such as an iPod (trademark of Apple Inc.).

In conjunction with touch screen 112, display controller 156, contact/motion module 130, graphics module 132, and text input module 134, notes module 153 includes executable instructions to create and manage notes, to-do lists, and the like in accordance with user instructions.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch screen 112, display controller 156, contact/motion module 130, graphics module 132, text input module 134, GPS module 135, and browser module 147, map module 154 are, optionally, used to receive, display, modify, and store maps and data associated with maps (e.g., driving directions, data on stores and other points of interest at or near a particular location, and other location-based data) in accordance with user instructions.

In conjunction with touch screen 112, display controller 156, contact/motion module 130, graphics module 132, audio circuitry 110, speaker 111, RF circuitry 108, text input module 134, e-mail client module 140, and browser module 147, online video module 155 includes instructions that allow the user to access, browse, receive (e.g., by streaming and/or download), play back (e.g., on the touch screen or on an external, connected display via external port 124), send an e-mail with a link to a particular online video, and otherwise manage online videos in one or more file formats, such as H.264. In some embodiments, instant messaging module 141, rather than e-mail client module 140, is used to send a link to a particular online video. Additional description of the online video application can be found in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/936,562, “Portable Multifunction Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface for Playing Online Videos,” filed Jun. 20, 2007, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/968,067, “Portable Multifunction Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface for Playing Online Videos,” filed Dec. 31, 2007, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Each of the above-identified modules and applications corresponds to a set of executable instructions for performing one or more functions described above and the methods described in this application (e.g., the computer-implemented methods and other information processing methods described herein). These modules (e.g., sets of instructions) need not be implemented as separate software programs, procedures, or modules, and thus various subsets of these modules are, optionally, combined or otherwise rearranged in various embodiments. For example, video player module is, optionally, combined with music player module into a single module (e.g., video and music player module 152, FIG. 1A). In some embodiments, memory 102 optionally stores a subset of the modules and data structures identified above. Furthermore, memory 102 optionally stores additional modules and data structures not described above.

In some embodiments, device 100 is a device where operation of a predefined set of functions on the device is performed exclusively through a touch screen and/or a touchpad. By using a touch screen and/or a touchpad as the primary input control device for operation of device 100, the number of physical input control devices (such as push buttons, dials, and the like) on device 100 is, optionally, reduced.

The predefined set of functions that are performed exclusively through a touch screen and/or a touchpad optionally include navigation between user interfaces. In some embodiments, the touchpad, when touched by the user, navigates device 100 to a main, home, or root menu from any user interface that is displayed on device 100. In such embodiments, a “menu button” is implemented using a touchpad. In some other embodiments, the menu button is a physical push button or other physical input control device instead of a touchpad.

FIG. 1B is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components for event handling in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, memory 102 (FIG. 1A) or 370 (FIG. 3) includes event sorter 170 (e.g., in operating system 126) and a respective application 136-1 (e.g., any of the aforementioned applications 137-151, 155, 380-390).

Event sorter 170 receives event information and determines the application 136-1 and application view 191 of application 136-1 to which to deliver the event information. Event sorter 170 includes event monitor 171 and event dispatcher module 174. In some embodiments, application 136-1 includes application internal state 192, which indicates the current application view(s) displayed on touch-sensitive display 112 when the application is active or executing. In some embodiments, device/global internal state 157 is used by event sorter 170 to determine which application(s) is (are) currently active, and application internal state 192 is used by event sorter 170 to determine application views 191 to which to deliver event information.

In some embodiments, application internal state 192 includes additional information, such as one or more of: resume information to be used when application 136-1 resumes execution, user interface state information that indicates information being displayed or that is ready for display by application 136-1, a state queue for enabling the user to go back to a prior state or view of application 136-1, and a redo/undo queue of previous actions taken by the user.

Event monitor 171 receives event information from peripherals interface 118. Event information includes information about a sub-event (e.g., a user touch on touch-sensitive display 112, as part of a multi-touch gesture). Peripherals interface 118 transmits information it receives from I/O subsystem 106 or a sensor, such as proximity sensor 166, accelerometer(s) 168, and/or microphone 113 (through audio circuitry 110). Information that peripherals interface 118 receives from I/O subsystem 106 includes information from touch-sensitive display 112 or a touch-sensitive surface.

In some embodiments, event monitor 171 sends requests to the peripherals interface 118 at predetermined intervals. In response, peripherals interface 118 transmits event information. In other embodiments, peripherals interface 118 transmits event information only when there is a significant event (e.g., receiving an input above a predetermined noise threshold and/or for more than a predetermined duration).

In some embodiments, event sorter 170 also includes a hit view determination module 172 and/or an active event recognizer determination module 173.

Hit view determination module 172 provides software procedures for determining where a sub-event has taken place within one or more views when touch-sensitive display 112 displays more than one view. Views are made up of controls and other elements that a user can see on the display.

Another aspect of the user interface associated with an application is a set of views, sometimes herein called application views or user interface windows, in which information is displayed and touch-based gestures occur. The application views (of a respective application) in which a touch is detected optionally correspond to programmatic levels within a programmatic or view hierarchy of the application. For example, the lowest level view in which a touch is detected is, optionally, called the hit view, and the set of events that are recognized as proper inputs are, optionally, determined based, at least in part, on the hit view of the initial touch that begins a touch-based gesture.

Hit view determination module 172 receives information related to sub-events of a touch-based gesture. When an application has multiple views organized in a hierarchy, hit view determination module 172 identifies a hit view as the lowest view in the hierarchy which should handle the sub-event. In most circumstances, the hit view is the lowest level view in which an initiating sub-event occurs (e.g., the first sub-event in the sequence of sub-events that form an event or potential event). Once the hit view is identified by the hit view determination module 172, the hit view typically receives all sub-events related to the same touch or input source for which it was identified as the hit view.

Active event recognizer determination module 173 determines which view or views within a view hierarchy should receive a particular sequence of sub-events. In some embodiments, active event recognizer determination module 173 determines that only the hit view should receive a particular sequence of sub-events. In other embodiments, active event recognizer determination module 173 determines that all views that include the physical location of a sub-event are actively involved views, and therefore determines that all actively involved views should receive a particular sequence of sub-events. In other embodiments, even if touch sub-events were entirely confined to the area associated with one particular view, views higher in the hierarchy would still remain as actively involved views.

Event dispatcher module 174 dispatches the event information to an event recognizer (e.g., event recognizer 180). In embodiments including active event recognizer determination module 173, event dispatcher module 174 delivers the event information to an event recognizer determined by active event recognizer determination module 173. In some embodiments, event dispatcher module 174 stores in an event queue the event information, which is retrieved by a respective event receiver 182.

In some embodiments, operating system 126 includes event sorter 170. Alternatively, application 136-1 includes event sorter 170. In yet other embodiments, event sorter 170 is a stand-alone module, or a part of another module stored in memory 102, such as contact/motion module 130.

In some embodiments, application 136-1 includes a plurality of event handlers 190 and one or more application views 191, each of which includes instructions for handling touch events that occur within a respective view of the application's user interface. Each application view 191 of the application 136-1 includes one or more event recognizers 180. Typically, a respective application view 191 includes a plurality of event recognizers 180. In other embodiments, one or more of event recognizers 180 are part of a separate module, such as a user interface kit (not shown) or a higher level object from which application 136-1 inherits methods and other properties. In some embodiments, a respective event handler 190 includes one or more of: data updater 176, object updater 177, GUI updater 178, and/or event data 179 received from event sorter 170. Event handler 190 optionally utilizes or calls data updater 176, object updater 177, or GUI updater 178 to update the application internal state 192. Alternatively, one or more of the application views 191 include one or more respective event handlers 190. Also, in some embodiments, one or more of data updater 176, object updater 177, and GUI updater 178 are included in a respective application view 191.

A respective event recognizer 180 receives event information (e.g., event data 179) from event sorter 170 and identifies an event from the event information. Event recognizer 180 includes event receiver 182 and event comparator 184. In some embodiments, event recognizer 180 also includes at least a subset of: metadata 183, and event delivery instructions 188 (which optionally include sub-event delivery instructions).

Event receiver 182 receives event information from event sorter 170. The event information includes information about a sub-event, for example, a touch or a touch movement. Depending on the sub-event, the event information also includes additional information, such as location of the sub-event. When the sub-event concerns motion of a touch, the event information optionally also includes speed and direction of the sub-event. In some embodiments, events include rotation of the device from one orientation to another (e.g., from a portrait orientation to a landscape orientation, or vice versa), and the event information includes corresponding information about the current orientation (also called device attitude) of the device.

Event comparator 184 compares the event information to predefined event or sub-event definitions and, based on the comparison, determines an event or sub-event, or determines or updates the state of an event or sub-event. In some embodiments, event comparator 184 includes event definitions 186. Event definitions 186 contain definitions of events (e.g., predefined sequences of sub-events), for example, event 1 (187-1), event 2 (187-2), and others. In some embodiments, sub-events in an event (187) include, for example, touch begin, touch end, touch movement, touch cancellation, and multiple touching. In one example, the definition for event 1 (187-1) is a double tap on a displayed object. The double tap, for example, comprises a first touch (touch begin) on the displayed object for a predetermined phase, a first liftoff (touch end) for a predetermined phase, a second touch (touch begin) on the displayed object for a predetermined phase, and a second liftoff (touch end) for a predetermined phase. In another example, the definition for event 2 (187-2) is a dragging on a displayed object. The dragging, for example, comprises a touch (or contact) on the displayed object for a predetermined phase, a movement of the touch across touch-sensitive display 112, and liftoff of the touch (touch end). In some embodiments, the event also includes information for one or more associated event handlers 190.

In some embodiments, event definition 187 includes a definition of an event for a respective user-interface object. In some embodiments, event comparator 184 performs a hit test to determine which user-interface object is associated with a sub-event. For example, in an application view in which three user-interface objects are displayed on touch-sensitive display 112, when a touch is detected on touch-sensitive display 112, event comparator 184 performs a hit test to determine which of the three user-interface objects is associated with the touch (sub-event). If each displayed object is associated with a respective event handler 190, the event comparator uses the result of the hit test to determine which event handler 190 should be activated. For example, event comparator 184 selects an event handler associated with the sub-event and the object triggering the hit test.

In some embodiments, the definition for a respective event (187) also includes delayed actions that delay delivery of the event information until after it has been determined whether the sequence of sub-events does or does not correspond to the event recognizer's event type.

When a respective event recognizer 180 determines that the series of sub-events do not match any of the events in event definitions 186, the respective event recognizer 180 enters an event impossible, event failed, or event ended state, after which it disregards subsequent sub-events of the touch-based gesture. In this situation, other event recognizers, if any, that remain active for the hit view continue to track and process sub-events of an ongoing touch-based gesture.

In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer 180 includes metadata 183 with configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate how the event delivery system should perform sub-event delivery to actively involved event recognizers. In some embodiments, metadata 183 includes configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate how event recognizers interact, or are enabled to interact, with one another. In some embodiments, metadata 183 includes configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate whether sub-events are delivered to varying levels in the view or programmatic hierarchy.

In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer 180 activates event handler 190 associated with an event when one or more particular sub-events of an event are recognized. In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer 180 delivers event information associated with the event to event handler 190. Activating an event handler 190 is distinct from sending (and deferred sending) sub-events to a respective hit view. In some embodiments, event recognizer 180 throws a flag associated with the recognized event, and event handler 190 associated with the flag catches the flag and performs a predefined process.

In some embodiments, event delivery instructions 188 include sub-event delivery instructions that deliver event information about a sub-event without activating an event handler. Instead, the sub-event delivery instructions deliver event information to event handlers associated with the series of sub-events or to actively involved views. Event handlers associated with the series of sub-events or with actively involved views receive the event information and perform a predetermined process.

In some embodiments, data updater 176 creates and updates data used in application 136-1. For example, data updater 176 updates the telephone number used in contacts module 137, or stores a video file used in video player module. In some embodiments, object updater 177 creates and updates objects used in application 136-1. For example, object updater 177 creates a new user-interface object or updates the position of a user-interface object. GUI updater 178 updates the GUI. For example, GUI updater 178 prepares display information and sends it to graphics module 132 for display on a touch-sensitive display.

In some embodiments, event handler(s) 190 includes or has access to data updater 176, object updater 177, and GUI updater 178. In some embodiments, data updater 176, object updater 177, and GUI updater 178 are included in a single module of a respective application 136-1 or application view 191. In other embodiments, they are included in two or more software modules.

It shall be understood that the foregoing discussion regarding event handling of user touches on touch-sensitive displays also applies to other forms of user inputs to operate multifunction devices 100 with input devices, not all of which are initiated on touch screens. For example, mouse movement and mouse button presses, optionally coordinated with single or multiple keyboard presses or holds; contact movements such as taps, drags, scrolls, etc. on touchpads; pen stylus inputs; movement of the device; oral instructions; detected eye movements; biometric inputs; and/or any combination thereof are optionally utilized as inputs corresponding to sub-events which define an event to be recognized.

FIG. 2 illustrates a portable multifunction device 100 having a touch screen 112 in accordance with some embodiments. The touch screen optionally displays one or more graphics within user interface (UI) 200. In this embodiment, as well as others described below, a user is enabled to select one or more of the graphics by making a gesture on the graphics, for example, with one or more fingers 202 (not drawn to scale in the figure) or one or more styluses 203 (not drawn to scale in the figure). In some embodiments, selection of one or more graphics occurs when the user breaks contact with the one or more graphics. In some embodiments, the gesture optionally includes one or more taps, one or more swipes (from left to right, right to left, upward and/or downward), and/or a rolling of a finger (from right to left, left to right, upward and/or downward) that has made contact with device 100. In some implementations or circumstances, inadvertent contact with a graphic does not select the graphic. For example, a swipe gesture that sweeps over an application icon optionally does not select the corresponding application when the gesture corresponding to selection is a tap.

Device 100 optionally also include one or more physical buttons, such as “home” or menu button 204. As described previously, menu button 204 is, optionally, used to navigate to any application 136 in a set of applications that are, optionally, executed on device 100. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the menu button is implemented as a soft key in a GUI displayed on touch screen 112.

In some embodiments, device 100 includes touch screen 112, menu button 204, push button 206 for powering the device on/off and locking the device, volume adjustment button(s) 208, subscriber identity module (SIM) card slot 210, headset jack 212, and docking/charging external port 124. Push button 206 is, optionally, used to turn the power on/off on the device by depressing the button and holding the button in the depressed state for a predefined time interval; to lock the device by depressing the button and releasing the button before the predefined time interval has elapsed; and/or to unlock the device or initiate an unlock process. In an alternative embodiment, device 100 also accepts verbal input for activation or deactivation of some functions through microphone 113. Device 100 also, optionally, includes one or more contact intensity sensors 165 for detecting intensity of contacts on touch screen 112 and/or one or more tactile output generators 167 for generating tactile outputs for a user of device 100.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an exemplary multifunction device with a display and a touch-sensitive surface in accordance with some embodiments. Device 300 need not be portable. In some embodiments, device 300 is a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a tablet computer, a multimedia player device, a navigation device, an educational device (such as a child's learning toy), a gaming system, or a control device (e.g., a home or industrial controller). Device 300 typically includes one or more processing units (CPUs) 310, one or more network or other communications interfaces 360, memory 370, and one or more communication buses 320 for interconnecting these components. Communication buses 320 optionally include circuitry (sometimes called a chipset) that interconnects and controls communications between system components. Device 300 includes input/output (I/O) interface 330 comprising display 340, which is typically a touch screen display. I/O interface 330 also optionally includes a keyboard and/or mouse (or other pointing device) 350 and touchpad 355, tactile output generator 357 for generating tactile outputs on device 300 (e.g., similar to tactile output generator(s) 167 described above with reference to FIG. 1A), sensors 359 (e.g., optical, acceleration, proximity, touch-sensitive, and/or contact intensity sensors similar to contact intensity sensor(s) 165 described above with reference to FIG. 1A). Memory 370 includes high-speed random access memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, DDR RAM, or other random access solid state memory devices; and optionally includes non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, optical disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid state storage devices. Memory 370 optionally includes one or more storage devices remotely located from CPU(s) 310. In some embodiments, memory 370 stores programs, modules, and data structures analogous to the programs, modules, and data structures stored in memory 102 of portable multifunction device 100 (FIG. 1A), or a subset thereof. Furthermore, memory 370 optionally stores additional programs, modules, and data structures not present in memory 102 of portable multifunction device 100. For example, memory 370 of device 300 optionally stores drawing module 380, presentation module 382, word processing module 384, website creation module 386, disk authoring module 388, and/or spreadsheet module 390, while memory 102 of portable multifunction device 100 (FIG. 1A) optionally does not store these modules.

Each of the above-identified elements in FIG. 3 is, optionally, stored in one or more of the previously mentioned memory devices. Each of the above-identified modules corresponds to a set of instructions for performing a function described above. The above-identified modules or programs (e.g., sets of instructions) need not be implemented as separate software programs, procedures, or modules, and thus various subsets of these modules are, optionally, combined or otherwise rearranged in various embodiments. In some embodiments, memory 370 optionally stores a subset of the modules and data structures identified above. Furthermore, memory 370 optionally stores additional modules and data structures not described above.

Attention is now directed towards embodiments of user interfaces that are, optionally, implemented on, for example, portable multifunction device 100.

FIG. 4A illustrates an exemplary user interface for a menu of applications on portable multifunction device 100 in accordance with some embodiments. Similar user interfaces are, optionally, implemented on device 300. In some embodiments, user interface 400 includes the following elements, or a subset or superset thereof:

-   -   Signal strength indicator(s) 402 for wireless communication(s),         such as cellular and Wi-Fi signals;     -   Time 404;     -   Bluetooth indicator 405;     -   Battery status indicator 406;     -   Tray 408 with icons for frequently used applications, such as:         -   Icon 416 for telephone module 138, labeled “Phone,” which             optionally includes an indicator 414 of the number of missed             calls or voicemail messages;         -   Icon 418 for e-mail client module 140, labeled “Mail,” which             optionally includes an indicator 410 of the number of unread             e-mails;         -   Icon 420 for browser module 147, labeled “Browser;” and         -   Icon 422 for video and music player module 152, also             referred to as iPod (trademark of Apple Inc.) module 152,             labeled “iPod;” and     -   Icons for other applications, such as:         -   Icon 424 for IM module 141, labeled “Messages;”         -   Icon 426 for calendar module 148, labeled “Calendar;”         -   Icon 428 for image management module 144, labeled “Photos;”         -   Icon 430 for camera module 143, labeled “Camera;”         -   Icon 432 for online video module 155, labeled “Online             Video;”         -   Icon 434 for stocks widget 149-2, labeled “Stocks;”         -   Icon 436 for map module 154, labeled “Maps;”         -   Icon 438 for weather widget 149-1, labeled “Weather;”         -   Icon 440 for alarm clock widget 149-4, labeled “Clock;”         -   Icon 442 for workout support module 142, labeled “Workout             Support;”         -   Icon 444 for notes module 153, labeled “Notes;” and         -   Icon 446 for a settings application or module, labeled             “Settings,” which provides access to settings for device 100             and its various applications 136.

It should be noted that the icon labels illustrated in FIG. 4A are merely exemplary. For example, icon 422 for video and music player module 152 is labeled “Music” or “Music Player.” Other labels are, optionally, used for various application icons. In some embodiments, a label for a respective application icon includes a name of an application corresponding to the respective application icon. In some embodiments, a label for a particular application icon is distinct from a name of an application corresponding to the particular application icon.

FIG. 4B illustrates an exemplary user interface on a device (e.g., device 300, FIG. 3) with a touch-sensitive surface 451 (e.g., a tablet or touchpad 355, FIG. 3) that is separate from the display 450 (e.g., touch screen display 112). Device 300 also, optionally, includes one or more contact intensity sensors (e.g., one or more of sensors 359) for detecting intensity of contacts on touch-sensitive surface 451 and/or one or more tactile output generators 357 for generating tactile outputs for a user of device 300.

Although some of the examples that follow will be given with reference to inputs on touch screen display 112 (where the touch-sensitive surface and the display are combined), in some embodiments, the device detects inputs on a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from the display, as shown in FIG. 4B. In some embodiments, the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., 451 in FIG. 4B) has a primary axis (e.g., 452 in FIG. 4B) that corresponds to a primary axis (e.g., 453 in FIG. 4B) on the display (e.g., 450). In accordance with these embodiments, the device detects contacts (e.g., 460 and 462 in FIG. 4B) with the touch-sensitive surface 451 at locations that correspond to respective locations on the display (e.g., in FIG. 4B, 460 corresponds to 468 and 462 corresponds to 470). In this way, user inputs (e.g., contacts 460 and 462, and movements thereof) detected by the device on the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., 451 in FIG. 4B) are used by the device to manipulate the user interface on the display (e.g., 450 in FIG. 4B) of the multifunction device when the touch-sensitive surface is separate from the display. It should be understood that similar methods are, optionally, used for other user interfaces described herein.

Additionally, while the following examples are given primarily with reference to finger inputs (e.g., finger contacts, finger tap gestures, finger swipe gestures), it should be understood that, in some embodiments, one or more of the finger inputs are replaced with input from another input device (e.g., a mouse-based input or stylus input). For example, a swipe gesture is, optionally, replaced with a mouse click (e.g., instead of a contact) followed by movement of the cursor along the path of the swipe (e.g., instead of movement of the contact). As another example, a tap gesture is, optionally, replaced with a mouse click while the cursor is located over the location of the tap gesture (e.g., instead of detection of the contact followed by ceasing to detect the contact). Similarly, when multiple user inputs are simultaneously detected, it should be understood that multiple computer mice are, optionally, used simultaneously, or a mouse and finger contacts are, optionally, used simultaneously.

FIG. 5A illustrates exemplary personal electronic device 500. Device 500 includes body 502. In some embodiments, device 500 can include some or all of the features described with respect to devices 100 and 300 (e.g., FIGS. 1A-4B). In some embodiments, device 500 has touch-sensitive display screen 504, hereafter touch screen 504. Alternatively, or in addition to touch screen 504, device 500 has a display and a touch-sensitive surface. As with devices 100 and 300, in some embodiments, touch screen 504 (or the touch-sensitive surface) optionally includes one or more intensity sensors for detecting intensity of contacts (e.g., touches) being applied. The one or more intensity sensors of touch screen 504 (or the touch-sensitive surface) can provide output data that represents the intensity of touches. The user interface of device 500 can respond to touches based on their intensity, meaning that touches of different intensities can invoke different user interface operations on device 500.

Exemplary techniques for detecting and processing touch intensity are found, for example, in related applications: International Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US2013/040061, titled “Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface for Displaying User Interface Objects Corresponding to an Application,” filed May 8, 2013, published as WIPO Publication No. WO/2013/169849, and International Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US2013/069483, titled “Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface for Transitioning Between Touch Input to Display Output Relationships,” filed Nov. 11, 2013, published as WIPO Publication No. WO/2014/105276, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

In some embodiments, device 500 has one or more input mechanisms 506 and 508. Input mechanisms 506 and 508, if included, can be physical. Examples of physical input mechanisms include push buttons and rotatable mechanisms. In some embodiments, device 500 has one or more attachment mechanisms. Such attachment mechanisms, if included, can permit attachment of device 500 with, for example, hats, eyewear, earrings, necklaces, shirts, jackets, bracelets, watch straps, chains, trousers, belts, shoes, purses, backpacks, and so forth. These attachment mechanisms permit device 500 to be worn by a user.

FIG. 5B depicts exemplary personal electronic device 500. In some embodiments, device 500 can include some or all of the components described with respect to FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 3. Device 500 has bus 512 that operatively couples I/O section 514 with one or more computer processors 516 and memory 518. I/O section 514 can be connected to display 504, which can have touch-sensitive component 522 and, optionally, intensity sensor 524 (e.g., contact intensity sensor). In addition, I/O section 514 can be connected with communication unit 530 for receiving application and operating system data, using Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, near field communication (NFC), cellular, and/or other wireless communication techniques. Device 500 can include input mechanisms 506 and/or 508. Input mechanism 506 is, optionally, a rotatable input device or a depressible and rotatable input device, for example. Input mechanism 508 is, optionally, a button, in some examples.

Input mechanism 508 is, optionally, a microphone, in some examples. Personal electronic device 500 optionally includes various sensors, such as GPS sensor 532, accelerometer 534, directional sensor 540 (e.g., compass), gyroscope 536, motion sensor 538, and/or a combination thereof, all of which can be operatively connected to I/O section 514.

Memory 518 of personal electronic device 500 can include one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage mediums, for storing computer-executable instructions, which, when executed by one or more computer processors 516, for example, can cause the computer processors to perform the techniques described below, including process 900 (FIG. 9). Personal electronic device 500 is not limited to the components and configuration of FIG. 5B, but can include other or additional components in multiple configurations.

As used here, the term “affordance” refers to a user-interactive graphical user interface object that is, optionally, displayed on the display screen of devices 100, 300, and/or 500 (FIGS. 1, 3, and 5). For example, an image (e.g., icon), a button, and text (e.g., hyperlink) each optionally constitute an affordance.

As used herein, the term “focus selector” refers to an input element that indicates a current part of a user interface with which a user is interacting. In some implementations that include a cursor or other location marker, the cursor acts as a “focus selector” so that when an input (e.g., a press input) is detected on a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touchpad 355 in FIG. 3 or touch-sensitive surface 451 in FIG. 4B) while the cursor is over a particular user interface element (e.g., a button, window, slider, or other user interface element), the particular user interface element is adjusted in accordance with the detected input. In some implementations that include a touch screen display (e.g., touch-sensitive display system 112 in FIG. 1A or touch screen 112 in FIG. 4A) that enables direct interaction with user interface elements on the touch screen display, a detected contact on the touch screen acts as a “focus selector” so that when an input (e.g., a press input by the contact) is detected on the touch screen display at a location of a particular user interface element (e.g., a button, window, slider, or other user interface element), the particular user interface element is adjusted in accordance with the detected input. In some implementations, focus is moved from one region of a user interface to another region of the user interface without corresponding movement of a cursor or movement of a contact on a touch screen display (e.g., by using a tab key or arrow keys to move focus from one button to another button); in these implementations, the focus selector moves in accordance with movement of focus between different regions of the user interface. Without regard to the specific form taken by the focus selector, the focus selector is generally the user interface element (or contact on a touch screen display) that is controlled by the user so as to communicate the user's intended interaction with the user interface (e.g., by indicating, to the device, the element of the user interface with which the user is intending to interact). For example, the location of a focus selector (e.g., a cursor, a contact, or a selection box) over a respective button while a press input is detected on the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., a touchpad or touch screen) will indicate that the user is intending to activate the respective button (as opposed to other user interface elements shown on a display of the device).

FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary schematic block diagram of speech and text processing module 600 in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, speech and text processing module 600 is implemented using one or more devices, including but not limited to devices 100, 300, and 1000 (FIGS. 1A, 2, 3, 4A-B, and 10). Specifically, in some examples, memory 102 (FIG. 1A) or 370 (FIG. 3) includes speech and text processing module 600. Speech and text processing module 600 provides various speech and text processing functionalities to the device, including automatic speech recognition, word correction, and word prediction functionalities. In particular, speech and text processing module 600 enables a device to perform speech or text processing using rank-reduced token representation (e.g., process 900, described below). As shown in FIG. 6, speech and text processing module 600 includes speech recognition module 602, language model 604, lexicon 605, word prediction module 606, and word correction module 608.

Speech recognition module 602 is configured to process speech data and to determine a text representation of the speech data. Speech uttered by a user is received via a microphone (e.g., microphone 113) of the device, which converts the speech into an electrical speech signal. The speech signal is supplied to an A/D (analog-to-digital) converter (e.g., in audio circuitry 110), which samples and quantizes the speech signal and converts the speech signal into digital speech data. The digital speech data is supplied to speech recognition module 602. Speech recognition module 602 includes a front-end speech pre-processor (not shown). The front-end speech pre-processor is configured to perform acoustic processing on the speech data on a frame-by-frame basis to extract representative features from the speech data. For example, the front-end speech pre-processor can perform a Fourier transform on the speech input to extract spectral features (e.g., Mel-Frequency Cepstrum Coefficients, linear prediction coefficients, line spectra, etc.) that characterize the speech input as a sequence of representative multi-dimensional vectors.

Speech recognition module 602 includes one or more acoustic models (e.g., neural network acoustic model or phoneme Hidden Markov Model), which are used to determine phonemes that match the extracted spectral features. In this way, a sequence of phonemes corresponding to the speech input is determined using one or more acoustic models. Based on the sequence of phonemes, various sequences of candidate words are determined using one or more word models of speech recognition module 602. Speech recognition module 602 then processes the sequences of candidate words using language model 604 to determine the most likely sequence of candidate words among the various sequences of candidate words that represent the received speech. Specifically, language model 604 is used to determine a corresponding probability for each sequence of candidate words, and the sequences of candidate words are then ranked according to the determined probabilities. The highest-ranked sequence of candidate words is then selected as the most likely text representation for the speech input and is outputted by speech recognition module 602 for display on the device.

More details on speech recognition and speech-to-text processing are described in U.S. Utility application Ser. No. 13/236,942 for “Consolidating Speech Recognition Results,” filed on Sep. 20, 2011, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

Language model 604 includes one or more language models that are configured to determine the probability of a next word given a current word and optionally, one or more previous words. In the present example, language model 604 includes a neural network language model (e.g., feedforward neural network language model or recurrent neural network language model). For example, language model 604 includes neural network language model 700, depicted in FIG. 7. In this example, neural network language model 700 is a recurrent neural network language model. It should be recognized, however, that the aspects of determining, storing, and retrieving vector representations and matrix representations of words described with respect to neural network language model 700 are similarly applicable to feedforward neural network language models. Neural network language model 700 includes input layer 702, output layer 706, and one or more hidden layers 704. In this example, neural network language model 700 includes a single hidden layer 704. It will be appreciated, however, that in other examples, neural network language model 700 can include a plurality of hidden layers 704. The layers of neural network language model are interconnected by connections. The connections can be unidirectional or bidirectional, and in some examples, are associated with respective weight factors. Input layer 702 and output layer 706, in some examples, have the dimensionality of a lexicon (e.g., lexicon 605) corresponding to the corpus of text used to train neural network language model 700.

In operation, current word portion 708 of input layer 702 receives a current word of a sequence of candidate words (e.g., a candidate sentence) and determines a vector representation e_(t) of the current word. Additionally, previous context portion 710 of input layer 702 receives, via recurrent connection 712 from hidden layer 704, the previous context representation s_(t-1) representing one or more previous words of the candidate word sequence. The one or more previous words were received at current word portion 708 of input layer 702 prior to receiving the current word. The vector representation e_(t) of the current word and the context representation s_(t-1) are provided to hidden layer 704. In some examples, connections between layers are weighted. In this example, the connection between current word portion 708 of input layer 702 and hidden layer 704 is weighted by a weight factor (e.g., weight matrix) X, and the connection between previous context portion 710 of input layer 702 and hidden layer 704 is weighted by a weight factor W. Accordingly, the current context representation s_(t) at hidden layer 704 is determined in accordance with the following equation:

s _(t) =F{X·e _(t) +W·s _(t-1)}  (1)

where F{ } denotes a function (e.g., activation function), such as a sigmoid function, a hyperbolic tangent function, a rectified linear unit function, any function related thereto, or any combination thereof. In general, F{ } can be any function that combines the vector representation e_(t) of the current word and the previous context representation s_(t-1) in some manner to output the current context representation s_(t). The current context representation s_(t), for instance, is indicative of a state of neural network language model 700.

Hidden layer 704 is connected to output layer 706 and provides the current context representation s_(t) to output layer 706. Output layer 706, in turn, provides a probability of a next word given the current word and the context of the one or more previous words. In some examples, the current context representation s_(t) is provided to the output layer 706 via a connection weighted by a weight factor Y. Accordingly, output layer 706 is determined in accordance with the following formula:

y _(t) =G{Y·s _(t)}  (2)

where G{ } denotes a function, such as a softmax activation function, and y_(t) represents the probability distribution of the next word given the current word and the one or more previous words.

Returning to current word portion 708 of input layer 702, the current word is a word of lexicon 605. The current word is received at current word portion 708 of input layer as a token, where the token has the dimensionality of lexicon 605. In the context of the present disclosure, the current word comprises at least one word or at least one character (e.g., Chinese character). Based on the received token, current word portion 708 of input layer 702 determines the vector representation e_(t) of the current word. The vector representation e_(t) of the current word is a representation of the current word in a continuous vector space. In particular, every word in lexicon 605 is mapped to a respective vector representation in the continuous vector space. The vector representation e_(t) of the current word encodes syntactic and semantic relationships of the current word with respect to the other words in lexicon 605. The vector representation e_(t) of the current word has a predetermined and fixed dimension d_(rr).

The vector representation e_(t) is determined from a set of trained parameters that correspond to the current word. The set of trained parameters is derived from training neural network language model 700 using a corpus of text. Specifically, the set of trained parameters of the current word are updated in the back-propagation step during the training of neural network language model 700. A respective set of trained parameters is derived for each word in the lexicon through training neural network language model 700. The plurality of sets of trained parameters corresponding to the words of the lexicon is stored in the form of data structure in rank-reduced representation 610 of language model 604.

The number of parameters is not the same for every set of trained parameters in the plurality of sets of trained parameters. Rather, the number of parameters in each set of trained parameters varies as a function of one or more linguistic characteristics of the respective word. For example, each set of trained parameters in the plurality of sets of trained parameters is embodied by matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t) of the respective word, where each parameter in the set of trained parameters is a respective element of the matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t). In particular, each of matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t) is a √{square root over (d_(rr))}-by-r_(t) dimension matrix, where d_(rr) is the fixed dimension of the vector representation e_(t) and r_(t) is a ranking factor. Thus, matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t) each embody half of the parameters in the set of trained parameters representing the respective word. Ranking factor r_(t) is less than or equal to √{square root over (d_(rr))}. As described in greater detail below, ranking factor r_(t) functions as a compression factor to vary the size of matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t), thereby adjusting the number of parameters in the set of trained parameters embodied by matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t). The number of parameters in a set of trained parameters of a current word is thus a function of ranking factor r_(t). The vector representation e_(t) of a word in lexicon 605 is determined from the corresponding matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t) of the word in accordance with the following formula:

e _(t)=flatten(U _(t) ·V _(t) ^(T))  (3)

where flatten( ) denotes a flattening operation that flattens a two-dimensional matrix to a one-dimensional vector and V_(t) ^(T) is the transpose of matrix representation V_(t). As will be appreciated from the equation (3), the dimensions √{square root over (d_(rr))}-by-r_(t) of matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t) enable vector representation e_(t) to always have the fixed dimension d_(rr) regardless of the size of the matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t) (and thus regardless the number of parameters in the matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t)).

During training of neural network language model 700, gradients can be back-propagated to the matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t) according to equations (4) and (5), described below. In particular, given the back-propagated error

${\frac{\partial C}{\partial e_{t}}(w)},$

where C denotes the cost function for a particular assignment w to the model's weights, we have:

$\begin{matrix} {{\frac{\partial C}{\partial U_{t}}(w)} = {{unflatten}\mspace{14mu} {\left( {\frac{\partial C}{\partial e_{t}}(w)} \right) \cdot V_{t}}}} & (4) \\ {{\frac{\partial C}{\partial V_{t}^{T}}(w)} = {U_{t}^{T}\mspace{14mu} {unflatten}\mspace{14mu} \left( {\frac{\partial C}{\partial e_{t}}(w)} \right)}} & (5) \end{matrix}$

where unflatten is the inverse of the flatten operation, flatten⁻¹. The flattening operation can be implemented in a number of ways (e.g., appending the columns), as long as the inverse is implemented consistently. The plurality of sets of trained parameters in rank-reduced representation 610 that correspond to the words of lexicon 605 are thus derived by training neural network language model 700 according to equations (4) and (5).

The ranking factor r_(t) is a function of one or more linguistic characteristics. In one example, ranking factor r_(t) is a function of the frequency of occurrence of the respective word in a corpus of text. For example, ranking factor r_(t) is determined according to the following equation:

$\begin{matrix} {r_{t} = {{round}\; \left( {\min \left( {\frac{\log \left( {\max \left( {{f(t)},1} \right)} \right)}{\max_{t^{\prime} \in X}{\log \left( {\max \left( {{f\left( t^{\prime} \right)},1} \right)} \right)}},\sqrt{d_{rr}}} \right)} \right)}} & (4) \end{matrix}$

where round( ) denotes the floating point round-to-nearest operation, and f(t) denotes the frequency of occurrence of the respective word in a corpus of text (e.g., the corpus of text used to train neural network language model 700). Thus, in this example, the number of parameters in the set of trained parameters of the current word is a function of the frequency of occurrence of the current word in the corpus of text. Specifically, the set of trained parameters of the current word would have a greater number of parameters if the frequency of occurrence of the current word is high and would have a lesser number of parameters if the frequency of occurrence of the current word is low.

In examples where neural network language model 700 is a recurrent neural network language model, only one word (the current word) is provided at the input layer at one time. Thus, only the one word is projected to the continuous vector space to determine the corresponding vector representation of the word. In other examples, where neural network language model 700 is a feedforward neural network language model, it should be recognized that N words are provided at the input layer at one time (where N is a positive integer). The N words include, for example, the current word and one or more previous words. In these examples, the N word(s) are projected to the continuous vector space to determine the corresponding vector representations of the N word(s). Further, in these examples, the vector representations of the N word(s) are used by the feedforward neural network language model to determine the probability of a next word given the N word(s).

FIGS. 8A-8B depict exemplary matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t) for the words “play” and “prolix,” respectively, according to some embodiments. As shown in FIG. 8A, the word “play” is represented by vector representation 802 and matrix representations 804 and 806. Vector representation 802 is determined from matrix representations 804 and 806 according to equation (3), described above. The set of trained parameters representing the word “play” are the elements in matrix representations 804 and 806. In this example, the corresponding neural network language model is configured to process vector representations of words that have a predetermined and fixed dimension of sixteen. Thus, the dimension d_(rr) of vector representation 802 is the predetermined and fixed dimension of sixteen. In the English language, the word “play” is very common, and thus the frequency of occurrence of the word “play” in the corpus of text is relatively high. In addition, the word “play” has many different senses (e.g., over fifty senses). For example, as a verb, the word “play” could mean to do activities for fun or enjoyment, to participate in a game or sport, to perform music on an instrument, to cause a device (e.g., music player) to emit sound, etc. As a noun, the word “play” could mean the conduct, course, or action of a game, one's turn in a game, the stage representation of an action or story, etc. As a result, the ranking factor r_(t) for the word “play” is also relatively high. Specifically, applying equation (4) described above, the ranking factor r_(t) for the word “play” in this example is four. Thus, matrix representations 804 and 806 each have dimensions of four-by-four (i.e., √{square root over (d_(rr))}-by-r_(t)), which result in a set of thirty-two trained parameters embodied by matrix representations 804 and 806.

In contrast, as shown in FIG. 8B, the word “prolix” is represented by smaller matrix representations 810 and 812. In the English language, the word “prolix” is fairly uncommon, and thus the frequency of occurrence of the word “prolix” in a corpus of text is relatively low. The word “prolix” also has very few senses. As a result, the ranking factor r_(t) for the word “prolix” is also relatively low. Specifically, applying equation (4) described above, the ranking factor r_(t) for the word “prolix” in this example is one. Thus, matrix representations 810 and 812 each have dimensions of four-by-one (i.e., √{square root over (d_(rr))}-by-r_(t)), which result in a set of eight trained parameters embodied by matrix representations 810 and 812. Vector representation 808 of the word “prolix” is determined from matrix representations 810 and 812 according to equation (3), described above. Notably, despite having significantly fewer parameters in matrix representations 810 and 812, vector representation 808 has the same predetermined and fixed dimension of sixteen as vector representation 802.

As demonstrated by the examples of FIGS. 8A-8B, the above described rank-reduced representation framework for parameterizing the vector representation of a word enables more complex words (e.g., words that are more frequently used, that occur in a greater number of contexts, that are part of a greater number of word classes, or that have a larger number of senses) to be more precisely and rigorously represented based on a larger number of parameters, but allows less complex words (e.g., words that are less frequently used, that occur in a smaller number of contexts, that are part of a smaller number of word classes, or that have a smaller number of senses) to be more sparsely represented based on a smaller number of parameters. The parameters of the neural network language model are thus more intelligently allocated, where more parameters are allocated to words that inherently embody more linguistic information. In this way, the neural network language model would require a smaller overall number of parameters to achieve a desired level of accuracy. A smaller overall number of parameters is technically desirable to reduce the computational cost of training the neural network language model. Furthermore, a smaller overall number of parameters results in a smaller sized language model, which enables the language model to be implemented on a mobile device, where memory and processing power is limited. Thus, a smaller neural network language model is achieved with fewer parameters while maintaining the accuracy typically associated with significantly larger language models having significantly more parameters. This is demonstrated by the experimental results for automatic speech recognition (ASR) transcription tests shown in Table 1 below:

TABLE 1 Performance of rank-reduced NNLM ({square root over (d_(rr))}= 15) compared to embedding-based NNLM (200-dim) zh_CN (words) en_US en_GB fr_FR Difference in Word 0.1 −0.1 0 −0.1 Error Rates (WER) % Difference in Total −10.9% −12.1% −12.3% −10.9% Number of Parameters

As shown in Table 1, neural network language models (NNLM) using rank-reduced representation for ASR transcription attain similar levels of accuracy (±0.1 difference in word error rates, WER) as conventional embedding-based neural network language models with similarly-sized vector representations (200-dimension vs. 225 dimension, √{square root over (d_(rr))}=15). In conventional embedding-based neural network language models, the vector representation of every word in the lexicon is based on the same number of parameters (e.g., parameters are distributed uniformly among the words), whereas in rank-reduced based neural network language models, the vector representation of a word is based on different numbers of parameters, depending on one or more linguistic characteristics of the word. For example, the rank-reduced based neural network language model for Chinese words (zh_CN) with √{square root over (d_(rr))}=15 has a similar word error rate as the corresponding conventional embedding-based neural network neural network language model (only 0.1 difference in WER) despite being based on 10.9% fewer total number of parameters. For US English (en_US), the rank-reduced based neural network language model also has a similar word error rate as the corresponding conventional embedding-based neural network neural network language model (only −0.1 difference in WER) despite being based on 12.1% fewer total number of parameters. Similar performance is observed for British English (en_GB) and French (fr_FR) rank-reduced neural network language models compared to corresponding conventional embedding-based neural network language models. The results in Table 1 thus show that a similar ASR transcription performance is achieved using ranked-reduced based neural network language models compared to conventional embedding-based neural network language models, but with over ten percent fewer total parameters.

Although in the examples discussed above, ranking factor r_(t) is described as being a function of the frequency of occurrence f(t) of the respective word in the corpus of text, it should be recognized that in some examples, ranking factor r_(t) (and thus the number of parameters in the set of trained parameters of the respective word) is, additionally or alternatively, a function of one or more other linguistic characteristics of the respective word. For instance, in one example, ranking factor r_(t) is a function of the number of senses of the respective word. In particular, words with a greater number of senses would correspond to a larger ranking factor r_(t) (and vice versa). In another example, ranking factor r_(t) is a function of the number of word classes to which the respective word belongs. Examples of word classes include, but are not limited to, parts-of-speech (e.g., noun, verb, adjective, determiner, conjunction, etc.), semantic word classes (e.g., person, animal, etc.), psycholinguistic classes (e.g., tentative, cause, etc.), or the like. Words that belong to a greater number of word classes would correspond to a larger ranking factor r_(t) (and vice versa). In yet another example, ranking factor r_(t) is a function of the contextual diversity of the respective word. The contextual diversity of a word refers to the number of unique contexts (e.g., sets of words surrounding the word) in which the word appears in the corpus of text. The contextual diversity of a word indicates the semantic variability of the word's context in the corpus of text. Words that have greater contextual diversity would correspond to a larger ranking factor r_(t) (and vice versa).

In some examples, the matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t) for every word in the lexicon are stored in a data structure (e.g., a look-up table) in rank-reduced representation 610. Storing the matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t) in a data structure on the device is desirable to enable neural network language model 700 to be re-trained or updated based on text that is subsequently received at the device (e.g., text entered by the user). As discussed above, each pair of matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t) contains a set of trained parameters corresponding to the respective word. The data structure thus stores a plurality of sets of trained parameters for the words in lexicon 605. In some examples, the training parameters contained in the matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t) are stored such that they are contiguous in memory. As discussed above, because the size and dimensions of the matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t) vary depending on the linguistic characteristics of each word, the number of parameters in each of the plurality of trained parameters in the data structure also varies. During operation, upon receiving current word 709, current word portion 708 of input layer 702 retrieves, from the data structure, the matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t) of current word 709. The matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t) of current word 709 contain the set of trained parameters corresponding to current word 709. In some examples, retrieving the matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t) of current word 709 includes determining the location of the matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t) in the data structure. Since the number of parameters in a set of trained parameters varies across the plurality of sets of trained parameters, current word portion 708 of input layer 702 would need to determine where the set of trained parameters of current word 709 begins and ends in the memory space. Such a determination can be performed based on the dimension d_(rr) of the vector representation e_(t) and the ranking factors r_(t) of each word in the lexicon.

In some examples, tokens t∈X represent the words in the lexicon X (e.g., lexicon 605). Each word in lexicon X has a corresponding ranking factor r_(t). An identifier function id: X→

is constructed to assign an unique identifier to every token in the lexicon X, where we constrain 0≤id(t)<|X| for all t∈X. A token that is assigned identifier i is thus represented as t_(i)=id⁻¹(i). The number of parameters in the set of trained parameters allocated to the token t_(i) is thus determined according to s_(t) _(i) =2·√{square root over (d_(rr))}·r_(t) _(i) . The memory space occupied by the tokens preceding t_(i) is determined according to S_(t) _(i) =Σ_(j=o) ^(i-1)s_(t) _(i) . The total number of parameters allocated for all the tokens in the lexicon X is determined according to s_(total)=Σ_(t) _(i) _(∈X)s_(t) _(i) parameters. In the case of single-precision floating point, this equals 4·s_(total) bytes. For current word 709 represented by token t_(i), the location of its corresponding matrix representations U_(t) _(i) and V_(t) _(i) in the memory space is defined by the interval [S_(t) _(i) , S_(t) _(i) +s_(t) _(i) ), where the square bracket “[” indicates that the lower boundary is included and the parenthesis “)” indicates that the upper boundary is excluded. Specifically, the location of matrix representation U_(t) _(i) in the memory space is defined by the interval [S_(t) _(i) , S_(t) _(i) +√{square root over (d_(rr))}·r_(t) _(i) ), while the location of matrix representation V_(t) _(i) ^(T) in the memory space is defined by [S_(t) _(i) +√{square root over (d_(rr))}·r_(t) _(i) , S_(t) _(i) +s_(t) _(i) ), since matrix representations U_(t) _(i) and V_(t) _(i) are each assigned half of the parameters associated with token t_(i). Using the determined location of the matrix representations U_(t) _(i) and V_(t) _(i) of current word 709, the matrix representations U_(t) _(i) and V_(t) _(i) are retrieved from the data structure in memory and used to determine the vector representation e_(t) _(i) of current word 709 (e.g., with equation (3)). The vector representation e_(t) _(i) of current word 709 is then processed through hidden layer 704 and output layer 706 to determine the probability of a next word given current word 709 and the one or more previous words.

In some examples, the vector representations e_(t) for every word in lexicon 605 is pre-derived (e.g., prior to receiving current word 709) from the matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t) and stored in the data structure. This is, in some cases, desirable to reduce the amount of computation required during run-time, which increases the computational speed. Specifically, vector representations e_(t) of current word 709 need not be determined from the corresponding matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t) during run-time, but can be retrieved directly from the data structure in memory. However, depending on the total number of parameters in the matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t) for lexicon 605, in some cases, a greater amount of memory is required to store the vector representations e_(t) of every word as opposed to storing the matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t) of every word. This can result in a larger overall size of neural network language model 700.

In some examples, to reduce the size of neural network language model 700, the words in lexicon 605 are represented by a combination of vector representations e_(t) and matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t). Specifically, for words corresponding to larger matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t) having a number of trained parameters equal to or greater than the dimension d_(rr) of the vector representation e_(t), the vector representations e_(t) of these words are pre-derived (e.g., with equation (3)) and stored in the data structure. For example, with reference to FIG. 8A, the word “play” corresponds to matrix representations 804 and 806 having thirty-two parameters, which is greater than the dimension of vector representation 802 (i.e., greater than sixteen). In this example, vector representation 802 would be pre-derived and stored in the data structure. During operation, if current word 709 is “play,” current word portion 708 of input layer 702 would retrieve vector representation 802 directly from the data structure. Conversely, for words corresponding to smaller matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t) having a number of trained parameters less than the dimension d_(rr), the vector representations e_(t) of these words are not pre-derived. Instead, the matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t) for these words are stored in the data structure. For example, with reference to FIG. 8B, the word “prolix” corresponds to matrix representations 810 and 812 having eight parameters, which is less than the dimension of vector representation 808 (i.e., less than sixteen). In this example, vector representation 808 would not be pre-derived and stored in the data structure. Instead, matrix representations 810 and 812 would be stored in the data structure. During operation, if current word 709 is “prolix,” current word portion 708 of input layer 702 would retrieve matrix representations 810 and 812 from the data structure and then derive vector representation 808 (e.g., using equation (3)).

In some examples, upon receiving current word 709, the ranking factor r_(t) of current word 709 is determined (e.g., from a look-up table or using equation (4)) to calculate the number of parameters (2·√{square root over (d_(rr))}·r_(t) _(i) ) corresponding to current word 709. If the number of parameters is equal to or greater than the dimension d_(rr), then current word portion 708 of input layer 702 would retrieve the vector representation of e_(t) of current word 709 from the data structure. If the number of parameters is less than the dimension d_(rr), then current word portion 708 of input layer 702 would retrieve the matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t) of current word 709 from the data structure and derive the vector representation e_(t) of current word 709 (e.g., using equation (3)).

In some examples, neural network language model 700 is used to perform word prediction and/or word correction functions on the device. Word prediction module 606 and word correction module 608 are configured to perform word prediction and word correction, respectively, using neural network language model 700. For example, text input is received from a user via a text input interface (e.g., keyboard 350 or virtual keyboard displayed on touchscreen 112). In some examples, the text input contains a current word and optionally, one or more previous words. Word prediction model 606 is configured to determine one or more candidate predicted words (e.g., candidate next words) that follow the current word. The current word is provided to neural network language model 700 in a similar manner as current word 709, described above. Specifically, a vector representation of the current word is determined. Using the vector representation, neural network language model 700 determines a probability of each candidate predicted word given the current word and the one or more previous words (if any) in the text input. The candidate predicted word(s) that has the highest determined probability is presented (e.g., displayed on touchscreen 112) to the user as the most likely predicted word given the text input.

For text correction applications, text input received from a user contains a next word and current word and optionally, one or more previous words. In some examples, the next word is determined to contain an error (e.g., not found in lexicon 605). Word correction module 608 is configured to determine one or more candidate corrected words for the next word (e.g., based on fuzzy matching and using lexicon 605). The current word of the text input is provided to neural network language model 700 in a similar manner as current word 709, described above. Specifically, a vector representation of the current word is determined. Using the vector representation, neural network language model 700 determines a probability of each candidate corrected word given the current word and the one or more previous words (if any) in the text input. Candidate corrected word(s) that has the highest determined probability is presented (e.g., displayed on touchscreen 112) to the user as the most likely word correction for the next word given the text input.

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram illustrating process 900 for processing speech or text using rank-reduced token representation in accordance with some embodiments. Process 900 is performed, for example, at an electronic device (e.g., 100, 300, 500) with a display and a microphone.

At block 902, speech input is received. The speech input is received, for example, via a microphone (e.g., microphone 113) of the electronic device. In some examples, the speech input includes natural language speech. The speech input, in some examples, contains a spoken request to perform a task.

At block 904, a sequence of candidate words corresponding to the speech input is determined. The sequence of candidate words is determined using speech-to-text processing. For example, block 904 is performed using speech recognition module 602, described above. Specifically, a sequence of phonemes corresponding to the speech input is determined using one or more acoustic models. Based on the sequence of phonemes, a plurality of sequences of candidate words that each potentially corresponds to the speech input are determined using one or more word models. The sequence of candidate words determined at block 904 is one of the plurality of sequences of candidate words determined from the sequence of phonemes. The sequence of candidate words includes a next word, a current word, and optionally, one or more previous words. In some examples, the current word of the sequence of candidate words comprises one or more words (e.g., “San Francisco” or “Barack Obama”).

At block 906, a set of trained parameters corresponding to the current word is retrieved from a data structure (e.g., data structure of rank-reduced representation 610, described above). The data structure contains a plurality of sets of trained parameters, where each set of trained parameters of the plurality of sets of trained parameters corresponds to a respective word of a lexicon (e.g., lexicon 605). The plurality of sets of trained parameters in the data structure includes the set of trained parameters of the current word retrieved at block 906. The set of trained parameters of the current word is embodied by matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t) of the current word. Specifically, each parameter of the set of trained parameters is a respective element of the matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t). The matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t), and thus the set of trained parameters contained in the matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t), are derived by training a neural network language model (e.g., neural network language model 700). During the training of the neural network language model, each parameter of the set of trained parameters is updated in the back propagation step of the training.

As discussed above, not every set of trained parameters in the plurality of sets of trained parameters has the same number of parameters. For instance, at least one set of trained parameters of the plurality of sets of trained parameters has a number of parameters that is different from the number of parameters of the set of trained parameters of the current word. The number of parameters in a set of trained parameters of a given word (e.g., the current word) is dependent upon the size of the corresponding matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t). Specifically, matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t) are each √{square root over (d_(rr))}-by-r_(t) dimension matrices, where d_(rr) is a dimension of a vector representation of the word (e.g., the vector representation of block 908), and r_(t) is a ranking factor determined based on one or more linguistic characteristics of the word. The number of parameters in a set of trained parameters is thus a function of the ranking factor r_(t), which is a function of one or more linguistic characteristics. For example, as discussed above, more complex and frequent words will correspond to a greater number of parameters (and thus a greater memory allocation in the data structure), whereas less complex and frequent words will correspond to a smaller number of parameters (and thus a smaller memory allocation in the data structure).

Based on the ranking factor r_(t) of the current word, the number of parameters in the set of trained parameters corresponding to the current word varies as a function of one or more linguistic characteristics of the current word. In some examples, the one or more linguistic characteristics of the current word include a frequency of occurrence of the current word in a corpus of text. The corpus of text is the text used to infer the set of trained parameters of the current word. Specifically, for example, the corpus of text is used to train neural network language model 700 to derive the set of trained parameters. In some examples, the one or more linguistic characteristics of the current word include the number of senses of the current word. In some examples, the one or more linguistic characteristics of the current word include a number of word classes to which the current word belongs. In some examples, the one or more linguistic characteristics of the current word include a contextual diversity of the current word.

In some examples, block 906 includes determining a location of the set of trained parameters of the current word in the data structure prior to retrieving the set of trained parameters. Upon determining the location of the set of trained parameters of the current word in the data structure, the set of trained parameters of the current word is retrieved in accordance with the determined location. The location is determined based on the number of parameters of the set of trained parameters of the current word. Specifically, for example, the location is determined by determining the respective intervals [S_(t) _(i) , S_(t) _(i) +√{square root over (d_(rr))}·r_(t) _(i) ) and [S_(t) _(i) +√{square root over (d_(rr))}·r_(t) _(i) , S_(t) _(i) +s_(t) _(i) ) in the memory space for the matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t) of the current word, as described above. The matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t) of the current word, and thus the set of trained parameters in the matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t), can be retrieved from the data structure in accordance with the respective intervals [S_(t) _(i) , S_(t) _(i) +√{square root over (d_(rr))}·r_(t) _(i) ) and [S_(t) _(i) +√{square root over (d_(rr))}·r_(t) _(i) , S_(t) _(i) +s_(t) _(i) ).

At block 908, a vector representation e_(t) of the current word is determined from the set of trained parameters. For example, the vector representation e_(t) of the current word is determined from the set of trained parameters retrieved at block 910. As discussed above, the set of trained parameters of the current word is embodied by corresponding matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t) of the current word. In some examples, the vector representation e_(t) of the current word is determined from matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t) of the current word (e.g., using equation (3), described above). The vector representation e_(t) of the current word is a continuous vector-space word representation of the current word and has a fixed predetermined dimension. The vector representation of the current word encodes syntactic and semantic relationships between the current word and a plurality of other words in the lexicon.

Blocks 906 and 908 are performed, for example, at the input layer of a neural network language model (e.g., input layer 702 of neural network language model 700). In particular, the input layer receives the current word in the form of a token representation. Based on the token representation, the input layer determines the location of the matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t) of the current word in the data structure and then retrieves the matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t) of the current word from the data structure. The input layer then determines vector representation e_(t) of the current word from the matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t) of the current word (e.g., according to equation (3), described above). The vector representation e_(t) of the current word is then propagated through to the hidden layer(s) and output layer of the neural network language model (e.g., hidden layer 704 and output layer 706) to determine the probability of block 910.

At block 910, a probability of a next word given the current word and the one or more previous words (if any) is determined using the vector representation e_(t) of the current word. The probability of the next word given the current word and the one or more previous words (if any) is determined using the neural network language model (e.g., neural network language model 700). In particular, the neural network language model receives a token representation of the current word at an input layer of the neural network language model. As described above, the input layer determines the vector representation e_(t) of the current word. Based on the vector representation e_(t) of the current word and previously determined vector representations of the one or more previous words (if any), the hidden layer(s) and the output layer of the neural network language model determines the probability of a next word given the current word and the one or more previous words (if any). In particular, for each word in the lexicon (e.g., lexicon 605), the output layer of the neural network language model determines and outputs the probability that the word is the next word given the current word and the one or more previous words (if any).

At block 912, a text representation of the speech input is presented (e.g., displayed) based on the determined probability. For example, using the probabilities obtained from the neural network language model at block 910 (including the probability of the next word given the current word and the one or more previous words) the probability of each sequence of candidate words of the plurality of sequences of candidate words is determined (e.g., using a decoder, such as a Viterbi decoder). Each sequence of candidate words is then ranked according to the determined probability with respect to the other sequences of candidate words in the plurality of sequences of candidate words. The highest ranked sequence of candidate words (e.g., having the highest probability) is then determined to be the text representation of the speech input. This text representation is presented on the device. For example, the text representation is displayed on a display (e.g., touchscreen 112) of the device.

Although blocks 902 through 912 of process 900 are shown in a particular order in FIG. 9, it should be appreciated that, in some examples, the order of the blocks is modified. Further, it should be appreciated that, in some examples, one or more blocks of process 900 is optionally combined or omitted, and additional blocks are optionally performed.

For instance, in one embodiment of process 900, the vector representations e_(t) of every word in the lexicon are pre-derived (e.g., prior to receiving the speech input at block 902) from corresponding matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t) and are stored in the data structure. The matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t) used to pre-derive the vector representations e_(t) have varying dimensions and thus contain varying numbers of trained parameters. Specifically, the number of parameters in the matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t) of a word in the lexicon is based on one or more linguistic characteristic of the word. In this embodiment, blocks 906 and/or 908 are modified or omitted. Specifically, instead of retrieving the matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t) of the current word from the data structure to determine the vector representation e_(t) of the current word (blocks 906 and 908), the vector representation e_(t) of the current word is directly retrieved from the data structure. The retrieved vector representation e_(t) of the current word is then used to determine the probability of the next word given the current word and one or more previous words (block 910). A text representation of the speech input is presented (e.g., displayed) based on the determined probability (block 912).

In another embodiment of process 900, the words in the lexicon are represented by a combination of vector representations e_(t) and matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t). In this embodiment, the data structure includes a plurality of sets of trained parameters (e.g., contained in respective matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t)) representing a first plurality of words of the lexicon and a plurality of vector representations e_(t) representing a second plurality of words of the lexicon. The first plurality of words is different from the second plurality of words. Specifically, for example, none of the words in the first plurality of words are included in the second plurality of words. For the plurality of sets of trained parameters in the data structure, the number of parameters in each set of trained parameters is less than a predetermined number (e.g., the predetermined number is equal to the dimension d_(rr) of the vector representation e_(t)). For the plurality of vector representations e_(t) in the data structure, each vector representation e_(t) is derived from a respective set of trained parameters having at least the predetermined number of parameters. In some cases, the respective set of trained parameters from which a vector representation e_(t) of the plurality of vector representations e_(t) is derived is not included in the plurality of sets of trained parameters or in the data structure. The set of trained parameters from which each vector representation is derived is determined by training a neural network language model. Specifically, during the training of the neural network language model, each parameter of the respective set of trained parameters is updated in the back propagation step of the training.

In the present embodiment, block 906 includes determining whether the current word corresponds to a set of trained parameters having less than the predetermined number of parameters. The determination is performed, for example, using a look-up table. In accordance with the current word corresponding to a set of trained parameters having less than a predetermined number of parameters, the set of trained parameters is retrieved from the data structure. Specifically, the plurality of sets of trained parameters includes the set of trained parameters and thus the set of trained parameters is retrieved from the plurality of sets of trained parameters in the data structure. Retrieving the set of trained parameters, in some examples, includes determining the location of the set of trained parameters in the data structure (as described in block 906) prior to retrieving the set of trained parameters according to the determined location. A first vector representation of the current word is then determined from the retrieved set of trained parameters (block 908). Using the first vector representation of the current word, a first probability of the next word given the current word and the one or more previous words is determined (block 910). A first text representation of the speech input is presented (e.g., displayed) based on the determined first probability (block 912).

In the present embodiment, in accordance with the current word corresponding to a set of trained parameters having at least the predetermined number of parameters, a second vector representation e_(t) of the current word is retrieved from the data structure. Specifically, the plurality of vector representations includes the second vector representation of the current word, and thus the second vector representation of the current word is retrieved from the plurality of vector representations in the data structure. The second vector representation of the current word is derived from the set of trained parameters. In this example, since the second vector representation of the current word is directly retrieved from the data structure, blocks 906 and 908 are not performed. Using the second vector representation of the current word, a second probability of the next word given the current word and the one or more previous words is determined (block 910). A second text representation of the speech input is presented (e.g., displayed) based on the determined second probability (block 912).

In some embodiments, the blocks of process 900 are performed more than once. Specifically, at least two different speech inputs are processed through the blocks of process 900. For example, a first speech input containing a first current word and optionally, one or more first previous words is received (block 902). A first set of trained parameters that represents the first current word is retrieved from the data structure (block 906). Using the first set of trained parameters, a probability of the first current word given the one or more first previous words is determined. Specifically, a first vector representation of the first current word is determined from the first set of trained parameters (block 908). Using the first vector representation, a probability of a first next word given the first current word and the one or more first previous words (if any) is then determined (block 910). A text representation of the first speech input is presented (e.g., displayed) based on the determined probability of the first next word given the first current word and the one or more first previous words (block 912). A second speech input containing a second current word and optionally, one or more second previous words is received (block 902). A second set of trained parameters that represents the second current word is retrieved from the data structure (block 906). The second current word is different from the first current word. For example, the second current word has different linguistic characteristics than the first current word. As a result, the second set of trained parameters has a different number of parameters than the first set of trained parameters. Due to the different number of parameters, a memory allocation for the second set of trained parameters in the memory is different from a memory allocation for the first set of trained parameters in the memory. Using the second set of trained parameters, a probability of the second current word given the one or more second previous words is then determined. Specifically, a second vector representation of the second current word is determined from the second set of trained parameters (block 908). Using the second vector representation, a probability of a second next word given the second current word and the one or more second previous words (if any) is then determined (block 910). A text representation of the second speech input is presented (e.g., displayed) based on the determined probability of the second next word given the second current word and the one or more second previous words (block 912).

Although the embodiments described above for process 900 involve performing automatic speech recognition applications using rank-reduced token representation, it should be appreciated that in other embodiments, process 900 can be modified to perform text processing applications (e.g., word prediction, word correction, etc.) using rank-reduced token representation. In these other embodiments, text input is received instead of speech input (block 902). For word prediction applications, a candidate predicted word is determined given one or more words in the text input (e.g., using word prediction module 606). The one or more words in the text input include a current word and optionally, one or more previous words. The current word of the text input is then processed through the neural network language model in a similar manner as the current word described above in process 900 (blocks 906-910) to determine a probability of the candidate predicted word given the current word and one or more previous words (if any) in the text input. A most likely predicted word given the one or more words in the text input is then presented (e.g., displayed) based on the determined probability.

For word correction applications, the received text input includes a next word, a current word, and optionally, one or more previous words. The next word, for example, is determined to contain an error (e.g., using word correction module 608). A candidate corrected word for the next word is then determined (e.g., using word correction module 608). The current word of the text input is processed through the neural network language model in a similar manner as the current word described above in process 900 (blocks 906-910) to determine a probability of the candidate corrected word given the current word and the one or more previous words (if any) in the text input. A most likely corrected word for the next word given the current word and the one or more previous words (if any) in the text input is then presented (e.g., displayed) based on the determined probability.

In accordance with some embodiments, FIG. 10 shows an exemplary functional block diagram of an electronic device 1000 configured in accordance with the principles of the various described embodiments. In accordance with some embodiments, the functional blocks of electronic device 1000 are configured to perform the techniques described above. The functional blocks of the device 1000 are, optionally, implemented by hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software to carry out the principles of the various described examples. It is understood by persons of skill in the art that the functional blocks described in FIG. 10 are, optionally, combined or separated into sub-blocks to implement the principles of the various described examples. Therefore, the description herein optionally supports any possible combination or separation or further definition of the functional blocks described herein.

As shown in FIG. 10, electronic device 1000 includes display unit 1002 configured to display text, and speech input unit 1004 configured to receive speech input. Electronic device 1000 optionally includes text input unit 1003 configured to receive text, and memory unit 1006 configured to store a data structure. Electronic device 1000 further includes processing unit 1008 coupled to display unit 1002 and speech input unit 1004, and optionally, to text input unit 1003 and memory unit 1006. In some embodiments, the processing unit 1008 includes determining unit 1010, display enabling unit 1012, and retrieving unit 1014.

Processing unit 1008 is configured to determine (e.g., with determining unit 1010) a sequence of candidate words (e.g., sequence of candidate words of block 904) corresponding to the speech input, the sequence of candidate words including a current word and one or more previous words. Processing unit 1008 is further configured to determine (e.g., with determining unit 1010), from a set of trained parameters (e.g., set of trained parameters of block 906), a vector representation of the current word (e.g., vector representation of block 908), where a number of parameters in the set of trained parameters varies as a function of one or more linguistic characteristics of the current word. Processing unit 1008 is further configured to determine (e.g., with determining unit 1010), using the vector representation of the current word, a probability of a next word given the current word and the one or more previous words (e.g., probability of block 910). Processing unit 1008 is further configured to enable display (e.g., with display enabling unit 1012 and on display unit 1002), based on the determined probability, of a text representation of the speech input (e.g., text representation of block 912) on display unit 1002.

In some examples, the one or more linguistic characteristics of the current word include a frequency of occurrence of the current word in a corpus of text, the corpus of text used to infer the set of trained parameters.

In some examples, the one or more linguistic characteristics of the current word include the number of senses of the current word.

In some examples, the one or more linguistic characteristics of the current word include a number of word classes to which the current word belongs.

In some examples, the one or more linguistic characteristics of the current word include a contextual diversity of the current word.

In some examples, the vector representation is a continuous vector-space word representation of the current word.

In some examples, the vector representation has a predetermined dimension. In some examples, the vector representation encodes syntactic and semantic relationships between the current word and a plurality of words of a lexicon.

In some examples, the set of trained parameters is embodied by a first matrix representation and a second matrix representation of the current word, where each parameter of the set of trained parameters is a respective element of the first and second matrix representations, and where the vector representation is determined from the first and second matrix representations.

In some examples, the first and second matrix representations are each √{square root over (d_(rr))}-by-r_(t) dimension matrices, wherein d_(rr) is a dimension of the vector representation, and r_(t) is a ranking factor determined based on the one or more linguistic characteristics of the current word.

In some examples, the vector representation, e_(t) is determined according to e_(t)=flatten(U_(t)·V_(t) ^(T)), where U_(t) is the first matrix representation, V_(t) ^(T) is the transpose of the second matrix representation, and flatten( ) denotes a flattening operation that flattens a two-dimensional matrix to a one-dimensional vector.

In some examples, the set of trained parameters is derived by training a neural network language model, where during the training of the neural network language model, each parameter of the set of trained parameters is updated in the back propagation step of the training.

In some examples, the probability of the next word given the current word and the one or more previous words is determined using a neural network language model.

In some examples, the neural network language model receives a token representation of the current word at an input layer of the neural network language model and outputs the probability of the next word given the current word and the one or more previous words at an output layer of the neural network language model.

In some examples, the vector representation is determined at the input layer of the neural network language model.

In some examples, processing unit 1008 is further configured to retrieve (e.g., with retrieving unit 1014) the set of trained parameters from a data structure containing a plurality of sets of trained parameters, each set of trained parameters of the plurality of sets of trained parameters corresponds to a respective word in a lexicon, where one or more sets of trained parameters of the plurality of sets of trained parameters each have a number of parameters that is different from the number of parameters of the set of trained parameters of the current word.

In some examples, processing unit 1008 is further configured to determine (e.g., with determining unit 1010), based on the number of parameters of the set of trained parameters of the current word, a location of the set of trained parameters of the current word in the data structure, where the set of trained parameters of the current word is retrieved in accordance with the determined location.

In accordance with some embodiments, memory unit 1006 stores a data structure comprising a plurality of sets of trained parameters representing a first plurality of words and a plurality of vector representations representing a second plurality of words. In these embodiments, processing unit 1008 is configured to determine (e.g., with determining unit 1010) a sequence of candidate words corresponding to the speech input, the sequence of candidate words including a current word and one or more previous words. In accordance with the current word corresponding to a set of trained parameters having less than a predetermined number of parameters, processing unit 1008 is configured to: retrieve (e.g., with retrieving unit 1014), from the data structure, the set of trained parameters, where the plurality of sets of trained parameters includes the set of trained parameters; determine (e.g., with determining unit 1010), from the set of trained parameters, a vector representation of the current word; determine (e.g., with determining unit 1010), using the vector representation of the current word, a probability of a next word given the current word and the one or more previous words; and enable display (e.g., with display enabling unit 1012 and on display unit 1002), based on the determined probability, of a text representation of the speech input.

In some examples, each set of trained parameters of the plurality of sets of trained parameters is derived by training a neural network language model, where during the training of the neural network language model, each parameter of each set of trained parameters is updated in the back propagation step of the training.

In some examples, each vector representation of the plurality of vector representations is determined from a respective set of trained parameters not included in the plurality of sets of trained parameters, where the respective set of trained parameters is derived by training a neural network language model, and where during the training of the neural network language model, each parameter of the respective set of trained parameters is updated in the back propagation step of the training.

In some examples, in accordance with the current word corresponding to a set of trained parameters having at least the predetermined number of parameters, processing unit 1008 is further configured to: retrieve (e.g., with retrieving unit 1014), from the data structure, a second vector representation of the current word, where the plurality of vector representations includes the second vector representation of the current word, and where the second vector representation is derived from the set of trained parameters; determine (e.g., with determining unit 1010), using the second vector representation of the current word, a second probability of the next word given the current word and the one or more previous words; and enable display (e.g., with display enabling unit 1012 and on display unit 1002), based on the determined second probability, a second text representation of the speech input.

In accordance with some embodiments, speech input unit 1004 is configured to receive a first speech input containing a first current word and one or more first previous words and receive a second speech input containing a second current word and one or more second previous words. In these embodiments, processing unit 1008 is configured to: retrieve (e.g., with retrieving unit 1014), from a data structure stored in memory unit 1006, a first set of trained parameters that represents the first current word; determine (e.g., with determining unit 1010), using the first set of trained parameters, a probability of a first next word given the first current word and the one or more first previous words; and enable display (e.g., with display enabling unit 1012 and on display unit 1002) of a text representation of the first speech input based on the determined probability of the first next word given the first current word and the one or more first previous words. Processing unit 1008 is further configured to: retrieve (e.g., with retrieving unit 1014), from the data structure, a second set of trained parameters that represents the second current word, where the second current word is different from the first current word and a memory allocation for the second set of trained parameters in the memory is different from a memory allocation for the first set of trained parameters in the memory; determine (e.g., with determining unit 1010), using the second set of trained parameters, a probability of a second next word given the second current word and the one or more second previous words; and enable displaying (e.g., with display enabling unit 1012 and on display unit 1002) of a text representation of the second speech input based on the determined probability of the second next word given the second current word and the one or more second previous words.

The operations described above with reference to FIG. 9 are, optionally, implemented by components depicted in FIG. 1A-1B, 3, or 6. For example, receiving operation 902, determining operations 904, 908, and 910, retrieving operation 906, and displaying operation 912 are, optionally, implemented by speech recognition module 602, language model 604, word prediction module 606, and/or word correction module 608. Similarly, it would be clear to a person having ordinary skill in the art how other processes can be implemented based on the components depicted in FIGS. 1A-1B, 3, and 6.

In accordance with some implementations, a computer-readable storage medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer readable storage medium) is provided, the computer-readable storage medium storing one or more programs for execution by one or more processors of an electronic device, the one or more programs including instructions for performing any of the methods or processes described herein.

In accordance with some implementations, an electronic device (e.g., a portable electronic device) is provided that comprises means for performing any of the methods or processes described herein.

In accordance with some implementations, an electronic device (e.g., a portable electronic device) is provided that comprises a processing unit configured to perform any of the methods or processes described herein.

In accordance with some implementations, an electronic device (e.g., a portable electronic device) is provided that comprises one or more processors and memory storing one or more programs for execution by the one or more processors, the one or more programs including instructions for performing any of the methods or processes described herein.

The foregoing description, for purpose of explanation, has been described with reference to specific embodiments. However, the illustrative discussions above are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in view of the above teachings. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the techniques and their practical applications. Others skilled in the art are thereby enabled to best utilize the techniques and various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.

Although the disclosure and examples have been fully described with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be noted that various changes and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art. For instance, the examples provided herein involve processing a current word based on one or more previous words, where the current word is represented by rank-reduced matrix representations U_(t) and V_(t) when processed through a neural network language model. It should be recognized that instead of words (e.g., current word, previous words), the method and processes described herein can be similarly applied to characters (e.g., Chinese characters) and phrases. Such changes and modifications are to be understood as being included within the scope of the disclosure and examples as defined by the claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An electronic device, comprising: a display; a microphone; one or more processors; and memory storing one or more programs configured to be executed by the one or more processors, the one or more programs including instructions for: receiving speech input via the microphone; determining a sequence of candidate words corresponding to the speech input, the sequence of candidate words including a current word and one or more previous words; determining, from a set of trained parameters, a vector representation of the current word, wherein a number of parameters in the set of trained parameters varies as a function of one or more linguistic characteristics of the current word; determining, using the vector representation of the current word, a probability of a next word given the current word and the one or more previous words; and displaying, based on the determined probability, a text representation of the speech input on the display.
 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the one or more linguistic characteristics of the current word include a frequency of occurrence of the current word in a corpus of text, the corpus of text used to infer the set of trained parameters.
 3. The device of claim 1, wherein the one or more linguistic characteristics of the current word include the number of senses of the current word.
 4. The device of claim 1, wherein the one or more linguistic characteristics of the current word include a number of word classes to which the current word belongs.
 5. The device of claim 1, wherein the one or more linguistic characteristics of the current word include a contextual diversity of the current word.
 6. The device of claim 1, wherein the vector representation is a continuous vector-space word representation of the current word.
 7. The device of claim 1, wherein the vector representation has a predetermined dimension.
 8. The device of claim 1, wherein the vector representation encodes syntactic and semantic relationships between the current word and a plurality of words of a lexicon.
 9. The device of claim 1, wherein the set of trained parameters is embodied by a first matrix representation and a second matrix representation of the current word, wherein each parameter of the set of trained parameters is a respective element of the first and second matrix representations, and wherein the vector representation is determined from the first and second matrix representations.
 10. The device of claim 9, wherein the first and second matrix representations are each √{square root over (d_(rr))}-by-r_(t) dimension matrices, wherein d_(rr) is a dimension of the vector representation, and r_(t) is a ranking factor determined based on the one or more linguistic characteristics of the current word.
 11. The device of claim 9, wherein the vector representation e_(t) is determined according to e_(t)=flatten(U_(t)·V_(t) ^(T)), wherein U_(t) is the first matrix representation, V_(t) ^(T) is the transpose of the second matrix representation, and flatten( ) denotes a flattening operation that flattens a two-dimensional matrix to a one-dimensional vector.
 12. The device of claim 1, wherein the set of trained parameters is derived by training a neural network language model, and wherein during the training of the neural network language model, each parameter of the set of trained parameters is updated in the back propagation step of the training.
 13. The device of claim 1, wherein the probability of the next word given the current word and the one or more previous words is determined using a neural network language model.
 14. The device of claim 13, wherein the neural network language model receives a token representation of the current word at an input layer of the neural network language model and outputs the probability of the next word given the current word and the one or more previous words at an output layer of the neural network language model.
 15. The device of claim 14, wherein the vector representation is determined at the input layer of the neural network language model.
 16. The device of claim 1, wherein the one or more programs further include instructions for: retrieving the set of trained parameters from a data structure containing a plurality of sets of trained parameters, each set of trained parameters of the plurality of sets of trained parameters corresponds to a respective word in a lexicon, wherein one or more sets of trained parameters of the plurality of sets of trained parameters each have a number of parameters that is different from the number of parameters of the set of trained parameters of the current word.
 17. The device of claim 16, wherein the one or more programs further include instructions for: determining, based on the number of parameters of the set of trained parameters of the current word, a location of the set of trained parameters of the current word in the data structure, wherein the set of trained parameters of the current word is retrieved in accordance with the determined location.
 18. A method for performing automatic speech recognition using rank-reduced token representation, the method comprising: at an electronic device having one or more processors and memory: receiving speech input; determining a sequence of candidate words corresponding to the speech input, the sequence of candidate words including a current word and one or more previous words; determining, from a set of trained parameters, a vector representation of the current word, wherein a number of parameters in the set of trained parameters varies as a function of one or more linguistic characteristics of the current word; determining, using the vector representation of the current word, a probability of a next word given the current word and the one or more previous words; and displaying, based on the determined probability, a text representation of the speech input.
 19. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing one or more programs configured to be executed by one or more processors of an electronic device with a display, the one or more programs including instructions for: receiving speech input; determining a sequence of candidate words corresponding to the speech input, the sequence of candidate words including a current word and one or more previous words; determining, from a set of trained parameters, a vector representation of the current word, wherein a number of parameters in the set of trained parameters varies as a function of one or more linguistic characteristics of the current word; determining, using the vector representation of the current word, a probability of a next word given the current word and the one or more previous words; and displaying, based on the determined probability, a text representation of the speech input. 